Probabilistic Connotations of Carcinogen Hazard Classifications: Analysis of Survey Data for Anchoring Effects

A study was undertaken to test for anchoring effects when numerical probabilities were elicited for carcinogen hazard designations. Subjects were asked to assign probabilities to both probable and possible. The sequence was randomly varied so that half of the subjects evaluated probable first and half evaluated possible first. While there was no consensus on the numerical probabilistic meanings assigned to these verbal expressions, in general, probable was assigned a higher probability than possible and there were specific values that were assigned frequently, indicating some consistency in interpretation. There appeared to be a fairly constant scaling factor between the probabilities assigned to the designations. Anchoring was manifested in two ways: a smaller difference between the designations when they were evaluated in sequence than when they were evaluated in isolation, and assignment of readily accessible "benchmark" values such as 50% and 75%.     

言语交际中身份研究的多视角及其整合

身份及身份建构一直是人文社会科学研究中一个非常重要的议题。文章回顾、评析身份及其建构研究的六个重要视角以及研究现状,认为应该寻求多视角的整合,从而多维度地考察言语交际中的身份及其建构。另外,需要更加关注具体语境下交际者微观层面身份的动态建构。     

‘She is looking at me! Shall I share?’ How Chinese and American preschoolers respond to eye gaze during sharing

Previous research shows that the recipient's verbal communication about desires increases young children's sharing behavior. The current study examined how an adult partner's non‐verbal communication through eye gaze influenced sharing behavior in children from different cultures. We presented one hundred forty‐six 3‐ to 5‐year‐old American and Chinese children with a Dictator Game, in which they were asked to distribute resources between themselves and an experimenter. Children were randomly assigned to three conditions, in which the experimenter alternated her gaze between the child and the items that she wanted, or looked randomly around the room, or left when the child made decisions about sharing but claimed to come back later. Results showed that Chinese children shared more than American children did in the alternating‐gaze condition, but not in the other two conditions; furthermore, the experimenter's alternating gaze influenced Chinese children to be more generous, but had no significant effect on American children. This suggests that compared to American children, Chinese children may be more compliant with others’ requests communicated through a subtle cue of eye gaze. The study demonstrates important differences in sharing behaviors between American and Chinese preschoolers, and these differences are consistent with the cultural constructs of individualism and collectivism.     

试论语言符号与非语言符号的共性与个性

语言符号与非语言符号的共性是：既有物质性,又有精神性;既有任意性,又有非任意性;既有概括性,又有抽象性;既有民族性,又有全人类性。二者的个性是：能指不同;能指的组合不同;能指与所指的关系不同;用法与功能不同;形成与发展情况不同。     

《第二十二条军规》中的“反小说”形式解析

作为约瑟夫·海勒黑色幽默的代表作，《第二十二条军规》曾经在20世纪60-70年代风行美国。不同于传统的现实主义手法，海勒使用怪异、夸张、超现实等创作手法，体现出社会的混乱以及人们对战争的恐惧。文章从主题思想、叙事结构、人物形象、表现手法等四个方面探讨其对传统文学艺术的颠覆与超越。     

试析科学语体中双部动词句的语义结构

目前我国俄语教科书中虽有对句子语义的描述，但是双部动词句仍被排除在外，本文则专门对科学语体中双部动词句的语义结构予以系统的分析研究。     

认知语言学视域下的幽默言语心理机制解读

幽默言语是人类日常话语中经常出现的一种语言交际形式,对幽默语言研究的历史可谓源远流长。了解幽默言语的认知心理过程可以帮助读者正确、完整并且深刻地理解幽默话语的内涵。本研究在认知语言学的大框架里,以幽默语义脚本理论为基础,结合关联理论和概念整合理论对幽默言语的生成及解读过程中的心理机制进行了探讨。     

林语堂幽默观的历史审视

林语堂对幽默的探讨与创建是对中国文化的一大贡献。他一方面把幽默放到话语产生与转换的结构域场中予以宏观阐释,另一方面又在自己的生活体验与创作的层面上展开对幽默的具体解读。冷静、超脱与睿智,这是他幽默的基础。超越于知识分子道德与名誉的功利欲求之外,这是他敢于幽默的原因。“两脚踏东西文化”,这是他幽默与众不同的地方。鲁迅与左翼文艺工作者对林语堂的幽默观及其《论语》的批判,有明显的片面性。     

略论修辞艺术寓于第二语言教学的实践意义

第二语言教学的最终目标就是培养学生言语交际的能力,强调言语交际的得体性.现代修辞学理论重视研究语言材料在具体的言语活动中的使用规律,追求最佳交际效果,其思想可为第二语言教学实践提供有效的理论指导,提高学生的言语交际能力.     

关联理论看幽默及对中国相声的话语分析

以语用学中Speber和Wilson所提出的关联理论为框架,从认知角度来解释幽默话语。指出理解幽默话语是人们通过对已知信息推理的不断修改与重考而找到最佳关联——幽默的真谛。同时因读者在理解时付出更多努力而获得补偿——开怀一笑。并以此为基础对传统幽默——中国相声进行分析研究,指出其幽默根源在于错误推理的表面合理性,即说话者选择的最佳关联与听话者心中的最佳关联产生鲜明的对照和冲突,旨在探求关联性和幽默之间的关系,以期待对言语幽默有更好的理解和欣赏。