动词体与礼貌

动词的时体形式是表达礼貌的手段之一。俄语中的完成体/未完成体形式也能参与礼貌表达,但适用对象的性质有所不同。俄语中完成体命令式形式适宜用于维持形式距离的言语活动中,它所表达的是形式礼貌;未完成体命令式有时会因为行为符合受话人的意愿,表达的是真实礼貌。     

网络语言幽默风格的创新

网络语言的幽默不是一眼望穿的幽默，而是让人略一迟疑，稍加思考的曲径通幽式的幽默。网络语言的幽默风格的创新主要体现在一、语词使用上鲜明的E时代感；二、依托于高科技；三、借助网络的匿名性，损已利人造幽默。     

The Relationship Between Sexual Minority Verbal Harassment and Utilization of Health Services: Results from Countywide Risk Assessment Survey (CRAS) 2004

In this article we examine the prevalence of and associations between sexual orientation–based verbal harassment and reported utilization of health services across levels of sexual orientation in a diverse sample of adult recipients of Los Angeles County–funded HIV-related health and social services. Thirty-two percent reported they had experienced verbal harassment, the majority (80.3%) of whom identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB). Those who reported being verbally harassed received significantly more services overall than those who were not verbally harassed, and service utilization varied by sexual orientation. These findings inform future efforts to identify and assess social discrimination in health and social service settings.     

论鲁迅的"黑色幽默"

鲁迅常以冷静从容的幽默笔法叙述一些沉重、悲惨乃至残酷的场面或事物 ,这种笔法具有现代“黑色幽默”的性质。此种黑色幽默用于正面的人或事 ,未免不够严肃或慎重 ,但另一方面也表现了鲁迅对残酷现实的愤激之情 ,显示了他“敢于直面惨淡的人生 ,敢于正视淋漓的鲜血”的勇气     

Laughing Your Way to Peace of Mind: How a Little Humor Helps Caregivers Survive

As the numbers of caregivers continue to increase, more attention is being focused on the unique stresses these individuals experience. Caring for a loved one tests the limits of even the most resilient, regardless of professional status or experience. Laughter is a universal elixir which allows people to cope more sanely with stress and caregiving responsibilities. Research on the emotional and physical benefits of laughter supports the use of humor by professionals and family members who occupy caregiving roles. This article addresses this research and examines common caregiver emotions while providing concrete guidelines for developing humor. Case examples demonstrate how laughter and wit are utilized by those caring for a loved one.     

中小学生身体、言语和间接欺负的性别差异--中国与英国的跨文化比较

本研究采用修订的Olweus欺负/受欺负问卷对8792名中国中小学生和1061名英国中小学生受到身体、言语以及间接欺负的性别差异进行跨文化比较.结果发现(1)总体上,小学生受到三种形式的欺负的比例均高于初中生;中国中小学中言语与间接欺负的发生率低于英国中小学.(2)无论中国还是英国,男生比女生受到更多的身体欺负.(3)中国小学和初中男生比女生更多地受到言语欺负,英国小学女生则比男生更多地受到言语欺负.(4)中国小学和初中男生比女生更多地受到间接欺负;在英国则相反,无论小学还是初中,女生中间接欺负的发生率均高于男生.     

反命名和戏谑式命名——杨绛散文的反讽修辞

杨绛散文的反讽修辞对应着两个语境 :故事发生时的语境 ( 5 0年代初至 70年代初 )和故事写作时的语境 ( 80 - 90年代 )。她将“陪斗者”这一政治身份转化为叙述人的观察和言说视角 ,通过“反命名和戏谑式命名”的修辞方式 (表现为“我不是…”/“我是…”的语式 ) ,实现了对语境限制的反限制 ,构成了一种“互文本”的深层意义结构。其戏谑式命名的常用方式是“贬低陈述”。作为女性写作 ,杨绛选择反讽作为自己散文的基本修辞方式 ,既是时间的积累沉淀对她的话语启示 ,也是她对自己文化素质审美心智优长的一种发挥     

The Effects of Praising Qualifying Autoclitics on the Frequency of Reading

In the current study, tacts with positive qualifying autoclitics for reading were reinforced in order to determine if this procedure would increase the time spent reading by participants. Participants included 5 children, between 9–10 years old. Participants were individually exposed to 4 free operant sessions during which they were instructed to independently choose play activities. During pre- and post-treatment conditions, no consequences were provided for choosing reading. In addition, 4 treatment sessions were conducted on days separate from the free operant session days, during which the experimenter praised each positive reading-related statement emitted by the participant. Following treatment sessions, 4 out of 5 participants increased the time allocated to reading, suggesting that reading could be increased when praise is delivered contingent upon positive reading-related verbalizations.     

Investigating the Acquisition,Generalization, and Emergence of Untrained Verbal Operants for Mands Acquired Using the Picture Exchange Communication System in Adults With Severe Developmental Disabilities

This study compared the total amount of training time and total number of trial blocks for individuals with severe developmental disabilities to acquire mands under control of unconditioned establishing operations and mands under control of transitive conditioned establishing operations for manual sign and for the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS). Also examined was the generalization of mands across settings and communicative partners, as well as the emergence of untrained tacts and intraverbals for mands acquired using PECS. Mands for preferred items and for items needed to complete a chained task were acquired more rapidly and in fewer training blocks for PECS than for manual sign. Moreover, mands established using PECS generalized across settings and communicative partners. Finally, untrained tacts and intraverbals using PECS were shown to emerge for some of the participants following PECS training. These results suggest that PECS may be a viable alternative communication system for adults with severe developmental disabilities who have little or no history of systematic instruction and limited imitative repertoires.     

The Use of Humor With Older Adults Aging in Place

As more older adults seek ways to remain in their homes during their “golden years,” humor has proven to be a worthwhile intervention that reduces stress and provides a hopeful, playful, and optimistic environment. Development of creative and supportive housing situations for older adults combined with the use of modern technology (e.g., the Internet and computer devices used in the home), aid in bringing humor to the older adult. This article addresses some of the challenges that older adults face and the way that the use of humor can assist them to meet these challenges.