Evaluation of single and mixed verbal operant arrangements for teaching mands and tacts

The purpose of this series of experiments was to evaluate the effects of mixed mand-tact arrangements on the acquisition of mands and tacts in preschool-aged children. In Experiment 1, the effects of three training arrangements (mand-only training, tact-only training, and mand-tact training) were investigated with 3 typically developing children. Rates of acquisition in single (mand-only and tact-only) versus mixed (mand-tact) presentation were comparable, in contrast to earlier investigations. Experiment 2 attempted to clarify the equivocal findings of Experiment 1 by directly replicating the Carroll and Hesse (1987) investigation with 2 typically developing children. Results again demonstrated no clear benefit of mixed verbal operant training on tact acquisition. In Experiment 3, these same arrangements were evaluated with a boy with autism and included assessments to determine that a relevant establishing operation was in effect prior to each mand training session. Experiment 3 again failed to demonstrate the facilitative effects of mand-tact training on the acquisition of mands or tacts. Taken together, the data from these three experiments fail to support the improved efficiency of mand-tact training suggested by prior studies. Findings are discussed in the context of future research investigating mixed verbal operant arrangements.     

Defining delayed consequences as reinforcers: some do, some don't, and nothing changes

Results of a survey sent to members of the editorial boards of five behavior-analytic journals in 1990 indicated that there was no consensus among respondents with respect to whether delayed events can function as reinforcers (Schlinger, Blakely, Fillhard, & Poling, 1991). Since that time, several studies with nonhuman animals have demonstrated that events delayed by at least several seconds can increase the probability of occurrence of the responses that produce them. To determine the relative number of contemporary behavior analysts who nonetheless believe that reinforcers must immediately follow the responses that produce them, the present study replicated the procedures used by Schlinger et al., with similar results. That is, respondents did not agree with respect to whether delayed events could be reinforcers.     

从关联理论角度审视译文中的幽默

不同语言和文化之间存在着巨大差异,幽默话语所表现的语言文化特征尤其突出,因而幽默语的翻译有时不能达到预期效果。幽默语的翻译与关联理论提出的认知环境、语境和关联有着密切的联系。从关联理论的角度研究英语幽默语的汉译过程,可以寻求相关的英汉幽默翻译方法。     

"灰色幽默":解读一种契诃夫式的笑

契诃夫的"灰色幽默",是在特定的历史条件下,描写灰色的社会环境、灰色的人生和灰色的情绪的一种幽默,就审美形态而言,"灰色幽默"介于"白色幽默"(明快的幽默)和"黑色幽默"之间,呈现出中性的、温和的色调,这种幽默散发着忧郁的气息,饱含着抒情和哲理的成分.     

复调小说--王小波的一种解读

王小波小说包含了两个基本主题.一是从人道主义、自由主义立场对反人性的社会政治,对专制主义的历史和现实的批判,运用写实、反讽和黑色幽默的艺术方法,曲折地传达出作者本人的声音和意识,是理性的.一是用性社会学、性心理学知识探索人的性爱关系,主要是展示虐恋行为和虐恋幻想的各种形式,一般是非现实的,是作者艺术想象的产物,但传达出的虐恋倾向并非作者本人所具有,而属于故事的叙述者和主人公,是非理性的.这两个主题类似复调音乐的双声部,既独立又关联,结合成一种特殊的非对话体的复调小说.     

“Fruits,” “Fags,” and “Dykes”: The Portrayal of Gay/Lesbian Identity in “Nance” Jokes of the ’50s and ’60s

ABSTRACT

What is humorous and how it is interpreted very much depends on the norms and values of a culture at a particular point in time, the characteristics of who is telling jokes, and the makeup of the audience. This article presents archival material and an analysis of an outsider's jokes about gays and lesbians. These were told to primarily heterosexual audiences by a heterosexual comic. They reveal the assumptions Americans held about gays and lesbians throughout the 1950s, 1960s, and a few years into the mid-1970s, when most of these jokes were compiled. Although generalizations about gay/lesbian humor in that period cannot be made from one person's private collection of nearly 1,000 jokes, they do reveal several clear patterns: Much of the humor about male homosexuality is used to debase men and their masculinity, by making them passive, feminine, or weak, except for their hypersexuality. The women are also depicted in the jokes as sexually eager, especially to give oral sex to possibly straight women or acting in the male insertor role. Rarely were the gay/lesbian jokes focused on political issues of discrimination, oppression, or romantic relationships.     

基于语料库的英语写作教学刍议

在大学英语写作教学中运用语料库技术,能够促使学生在学习过程中加深对语言的理解和运用,并积极主动地参与学习过程,是学生获取语言知识、提高写作能力的有效途径。     

正名的困境及其超越:论《黄金时代》

王小波的《黄金时代》揭示了一个特殊时代的"人"的困境,但困境背后深隐着文化、政治、道德、性别关系等诸多问题,问题聚焦于陈清扬和王二这对男女的"性事",对此的命名、评判和惩罚使"性"成为诸般观念和力量博弈的战场。作者以"黑色幽默"的叙事风格描述了处于劣势的当事人如何以理性清明的坚定信念和狂欢化的游戏策略,逆转了无端受虐的人生颓势,从而最大限度地实现了个人的自我救赎,因之,《黄金时代》在"文学是人学"的层面展现了王小波的雄心和抱负,也在此高度呈现了这部经典的价值。     

论沈从文戏剧中的谐趣

沈从文是中国现代文学史上杰出的作家,在他刚刚踏上文坛之时创作了一些戏剧作品。这些戏剧作品由于创作的时间早,在沈从文整个的文学创作史上所占的比重又很小,因而很容易被人们遗忘。但在事实上这些戏剧却以独特的艺术魅力存在着,不容忽视。我们可以从谐趣呈现的策略,谐趣中的理趣,谐趣产生的原因三个方面来探讨沈从文戏剧中的谐趣的审美意味。     

身份认同与喜剧小品中的言语幽默——以小品《追星族》为例

语言是塑造戏剧形象的要素,身份认同的构建对话语表现有着很大的影响,个人必须要承担身份本身要满足的要求和社会对这一身份的期望,在剧作家及其演员有意识的策略选择下,表现出来的话语与与身份认同的紧密契合会产生强烈的幽默效果。在基于话语分析的关于身份认同与话语表现关系的理论框架下,探究言语幽默在喜剧小品中的生成与理解,既有助于揭示当代文化思潮和特定的社会审美情趣,也有助于喜剧小品的创作实践,反映当代人所推崇的话语风格。