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71.
塞万提斯的小说《堂吉诃德》是西班牙文艺复兴时期的标志性作品.小说以一个没落的乡绅堂吉诃德和邻居桑丘的充侠游走,嘲笑了以昨天的思维做今天的事和用今天的头脑做明天的事的诸多错讹.在叙述方法上,如黑格尔所首评的以不变的主角在游走中随境遇之变而结构情节;在风格上庄谐互渗,虚实相生,亦幻亦真,展现了如海涅所综括的“堂吉诃德主义”中理想与现实的种种矛盾,成为世界文学中公认的杰作.  相似文献   
72.
言语交际的过程涉及语言、心理、认知、文化等复杂因素。早期的研究主要从言语交际的原则和意义角度入手,注重言语交际的跨文化性;近年来研究者将认知规律、社会学、人类学及心理学等学科引入言语交际的研究,但侧重于言语理解的心理机制,对于言语交际过程的本质及有效减少交际失败的方式鲜有涉及。基于理想认知模式理论,将经济学中最大效应理论引入言语交际研究,是分析言语交际的本质及影响言语交际因素和实际交际博弈时决策模式应用的一个全新尝试。  相似文献   
73.
Approximately 5% of older adults have a dementia diagnosis, and language deterioration is commonly associated with this disorder (Kempler, 2005). Several instruments have been developed to diagnose dementia and assess language capabilities of elderly adults. However, none of these instruments take a functional approach to language assessment as described by Skinner (1957). The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a function-based assessment for language deficits of older adults. Thirty-one participants were categorized into a control group (n  =  15) and a dementia group (n  =  16) based on their score on the Dementia Rating Scale-2. Individuals with dementia performed significantly worse on the tact assessment than those without dementia. Participants from both groups performed better on measures of tacts than intraverbals or mands, even though topographically identical responses were required in these assessments. The data provide support for Skinner''s conceptualization of functionally independent verbal operants.  相似文献   
74.
A common characteristic of the language deficits experienced by children with autism (and other developmental disorders) is their failure to acquire a complex intraverbal repertoire. The difficulties with learning intraverbal behaviors may, in part, be related to the fact that the stimulus control for such behaviors usually involves highly complex verbal stimuli. The antecedent verbal control of intraverbal behavior may involve discriminative stimuli (i.e., discriminated operants), conditional stimulus control, and/or control by compound stimuli. Distinctions among these different types of antecedent control are presented, along with recommendations for intervention procedures that may facilitate the acquisition of intraverbal behavior.  相似文献   
75.
Therapists and educators frequently teach alternative-communication systems, such as picture exchanges or manual signs, to individuals with developmental disabilities who present with expressive language deficits. Michael (1985) recommended a taxonomy for alternative communication systems that differentiated between selection-based systems in which each response is topographically identical (e.g., card selection and exchange systems) and topography-based systems in which each response is topographically distinct (e.g., signed language). We compared the efficiency of training picture exchanges and signs with 3 participants who presented with severe language deficits; all participants acquired the picture-exchange responses more readily.  相似文献   
76.
语用预设的两个基本特点是共知性与合适性,它还有另一个重要特点,即单向性.单向性语用预设的形成原因是说话者提高语言交际效率的需要,说话者对听者背景知识的判断具有不确定性;说话者的句子可以有不同理解,说话者带有某种隐含意图等.预设的单向性通常不会带来会话的困难,这是因为合作原则在预设行为及话语理解过程中起着约束作用.尽管如此,交际者出于某种意图,在语言交际中表现出“不合作”现象也是常见的.  相似文献   
77.
Two styles of cognitive interviewing exist, thinking aloud (TA) and verbal probing (VP), but there have been few studies undertaken which compare the two. This paper reports on such a comparison, which was undertaken in order to understand the merits and drawbacks of each approach. VP finds more problems than TA. TA appears to be better at examining respondents’ understandings of the underlying concepts behind each question; VP is better for exploring specific terms in each question. TA interviews appeared to generate more information about how respondents used information from their past experiences to select codes in closed‐ended questions. However, in terms of the eventual redrafting of the questions respondents were asked about, there was very little difference between the VP and TA interviews.  相似文献   
78.
戴尔·卡耐基在《林肯传》中为读者呈现了一个鲜为人知却真实可信的林肯形象。林肯一生饱受创伤,神情忧郁绝望,但他却风趣幽默,智慧超人,而且始终百折不挠,屡败屡战,为美国乃至全人类做出巨大贡献。幽默是林肯疗伤的法宝,也是其智慧的结晶。  相似文献   
79.
Abstract

This article examines the effects of social power and disparagement humor on the evaluation of subordinates. According to prejudiced norm theory, it is proposed that powerful people, compared with the powerless, are more likely to negatively evaluate subordinates when exposed to disparagement humor against subordinates. To test this hypothesis, two studies were conducted. Study 1 (N = 116) aimed to analyze and select humorous material (neutral vs. disparagement humor against subordinates) that allowed us to test our hypothesis. Study 2 (N = 116) investigated the effect of the exposure to disparagement humor in people who hold or not a power position. Results showed an interaction between power and type of humor: when powerful people were exposed to disparagement humor they evaluated subordinates worse than the powerless, whereas when they were exposed to neutral humor there were no differences between groups. The implications of these results are discussed.  相似文献   
80.
幽默是文化的一个重要组成部分,可以体现民族意识和世界观。幽默现象存在于社会各层面.可以反映社会各方面的意见和态度。在政治文化中幽默也扮演着重要角色。本文阐述政治领域中幽默的主要作用。  相似文献   
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