试论彭禹廷"三自主义"理论的实践途径

20世纪20年代末,“辞官”回乡的河南镇平人彭禹廷,“以剿匪救民为职志”。他从剿匪救民生涯中深切地感受到,即使剿灭匪患,尚不能“救穷”致富,不能抵御“匪式军队”、贪官污吏的压迫。所以,为实现积极的人生观,而“上下求索”“治本之方法”———以孙中山的“为人民求幸福的”“三民主义”为理论基础,创立了“自卫、自治、自富”“三自主义”理论。并在“三自主义”理论的指导下,掀起了历时十余年的宛西自治,使宛西自治区域成为被世人称颂的“世外桃源”、“自治天堂”。     

新时期我国村规民约的完善

村规民约作为我国民间法的一种形式在历史和当今都起着重要的"法"的调控功能,是我国基层民主和乡村自治的一种重要方式。考察我国村规民约的演变、现代特征及现实作用,结合民间法理论和村民自治制度,以社会主义新农村建设为时代背景,对村规民约中存在的问题进行分析,并在制定程序、执行程序、审查监督、普法教育等方面提出完善建议。     

在共同体视阈下寻找有效的村民自治单元

依据滕尼斯的共同体理论,共同体内部因存在着共同地缘、共同血缘、共同文化和共同利益等有机的自治元素,从而起到维系共同体发展的作用。中国经由传统社会长期发展而成的自然村落,因同样具备上述因素而具有自治功能,可视做一种“自在型共同体”和“自治共同体”。村民自治制度作为国家行政管理与社群自治的统一,在其发展过程中出现了自治属性愈益萎缩、行政属性愈益扩张从而导致村民自治“悬空”的状态。其中一个重要原因,根源于“建构型共同体”---行政村这一村民自治单元与自治共同体基础的脱节。各地相继出现的地方性改革和实践,说明村民自治发展已进入探寻自治内在动力的第三阶段。其发展的理想标的应是自治功能与行政功能兼顾的模式。     

“中国模式”中的国家自主性问题:反思与前瞻

“国家引导的经济发展模式”是中国在迈向现代国家进程中表现出的显著特征,国家推动的发展战略以其“后发优势”引世界所瞩目。但是转型社会引发的复杂社会问题也在检视和挑战国家权威,国家自主性的合法性基础不仅体现在经济绩效上,而且更要体现在民众对国家的深度心理认同之上。国家自主性如何维系、如何克服自主性自身的悖论、如何吸纳市场经济和社会自治的改革需求成为探讨中国发展道路必须要解决的时代难题。     

教改背景下对大学英语听力教学的反思

随着英语教学改革的不断深入,对大学英语听力教学提出了新的要求,必须认识到传统大学英语听力教学存在的不足,针对《大学英语课程教学要求》和学生实情实施听力教学。     

20世纪30年代的乡村公务人员--见之于农村复兴委员会的调查

1933年民国行政院农村复兴委员会的调查表明,乡村中区的设置比较普遍,并成为重要的政治机构,区以下的自治系统,则遗留下浓重的传统痕迹,对国家规制变异情形严重;乡村公务人员的产生途径,除区长一般由上级任命外,选举、推选、指定、轮充等方法不一而足,但不管通过何种途径产生,选择时的经济趋向至为明显;乡村公务人员的法定收入有限,而中饱现象严重,社会评价低劣;乡村自治在国民政府核心统治区域流于形式,在较为偏远的地方则恶性变质,成为乡村社会的破坏性力量.     

“程度性动词”的使用与“民族区域自治权”的保障——对民族区域自治若干法律性文件文本的比较分析

《宪法》、《民族区域自治法》和《国务院实施〈中华人民共和国民族区域自治法〉若干规定》在法律条文中使用了大量无法通过法律解释予以明确的"程度性动词",这些"程度性动词"的使用,取决于民族区域自治权本质上是民族自治地方获得"国家"特殊照顾和优惠的权利这一"积极权利"的性质;民族区域自治的法律性文件在条文中使用"程度性动词",正是国家根据实际情况落实民族区域自治权的弹性需要。     

社区营造视角下乡村旅游高质量发展路径研究 ——以福建平潭北港村为例

乡村振兴战略实施背景下乡村旅游高质量发展是乡村旅游转型升级和可持续发展的必然要求,社区营造在于激发乡村社区主体活力和内生动力,促进社区价值的实现和社区福祉的提升。应用社区营造解决乡村旅游发展中社区行动主体不到位、社区参与不充分、社区增权不均衡等问题,拓展乡村旅游内容的深度和厚度,形成优选社区参与的乡村旅游发展新模式与新机制,完善基于互益共同体的旅游社区治理体系,打造内引外聚的乡村旅游内容创新平台等乡村旅游高质量发展可行性路径。     

Autonomy,spontaneity and creativity in research with children. A study of experience and participation,in central Italy and North West England

ABSTRACT

Research involving children, deemed to have difficulties with conventional means of communication, can perpetuate reductive forms of representation of children’s knowledges and experiences. This article focuses on the possibilities and opportunities that visual and creative methods can offer to researching with children. Children advance their views in and through spontaneous and concrete forms of participation. Autonomy in aesthetic acts is central to this methodology; to explore practices that produce and reproduce presuppositions deriving from societal attitudes affecting research with children, their agency and self-presentation. This cross-cultural study was conducted in Central Italy and North West England: children contributed their perspectives and experiences through participation in a series of creative encounters resulting in aesthetic and embodied outcomes of sociological and educational significance. The study contributes to the debate on children’s autonomy and the value and quality of participation through artistic practice. Examples from the corpus of data, which includes a series of artefacts and over 900 photographs from each geo-cultural context, are presented. The study shows that it is possible to harmonise power imbalances in spaces of creative freedom, in research and education, where children’s choices and agency are respected.     

Bargaining for Success: Examining the Relationship Between Teacher Unions and Student Achievement

While many previous studies have identified a positive relationship between teachers unions and student achievement on standardized tests, little research to date has explored the channels through which unions might actually affect achievement. Utilizing multilevel random intercept models, we examine the effects of two categories of items commonly negotiated in teacher contracts—“industrial union” items and “professional union” items—on individual student math scores. Further, we assess the ability of these two clusters of variables to explain the positive union effect found in previous research. The results confirm that teachers unions are positively associated with student achievement and suggest that the industrial model explains moderately more of the union effect than the professional model; however, only the combination of both models is capable of reducing the union effect to nonsignificance. These findings are also confirmed in a supplemental analysis utilizing instrumental variables to account for the possibility of endogeneity. Finally, a decomposition of the union effect suggests that teachers unions are most beneficial to middle‐ and high‐achieving students. We conclude that through industrial and professional bargaining, teachers are able to secure higher salaries, credentialing, and greater autonomy which lead to improved student achievement.