从法律行为的制度结构看民法中的私法自治原则

私法自治原则是民法的灵魂与核心,其自产生以来与时俱进而不断完善,尤其曾面临私法社会化思潮,私法自治原则通过自我修正,不仅保存了其固有内核,而且顺应了时代的要求,使民法走向现代化。现代民法创设了法律行为制度来具体体现这一原则,产生了法律行为的双重结构。法律行为的成立和生效既分别适应了私法自治在不同方面的原则要求,又相互连结,珠联璧合,共同实现并维护着私法自治的民法价值与功能。     

边疆多民族地区村民自治考察与思考——基于新疆农民政治参与视角

边疆多民族地区村民自治制度已全面推行,农民制度化政治参与正在起步和扩展,同时非制度化参与现象十分严重。文章提出应对措施:发展农村经济,提高政治参与物质保障;提升农民政治素质,增强政治参与能力保证;重视政治参与制度化建设,奠定有序参与的制度基础;发挥基层党组织领导核心作用,创造稳定的政治参与环境。     

2000年以来村民自治研究的新进展

村民自治作为中国特色的农村基层政治形式,自1990年代以来逐渐成为国内外学者关注的热点。自2000年以来,村民自治研究取得了新的进展。无论是研究领域、内容,还是研究方法,都在以往研究基础上有所发展。当然,迄今为止,村民自治的研究也还存在种种不足,有待进一步拓展。     

新世纪中国民族区域自治制度创新的一个亮点——"民族自治市"

马克思列宁主义具有与时俱进的理论品质,民族区域自治作为中国共产党运用马克思列宁主义解决中国民族问题的基本政策,必须坚持、完善、发展、创新,不断适应新形势新任务的需要。设置"民族自治市"不是否定民族区域自治制度,而是为了更好的坚持和完善民族区域自治制度。从国家的现代化建设和少数民族地区发展的长远目标出发,国家应该通过设置"民族自治市"来鼓励少数民族走出农村、走向城市,以此加快少数民族地区城市化、城镇化的发展速度。     

在职培训中教师个体自主性探析

教师个体的自主性是影响在职培训效果最重要的因素之一，主要包括自主选择、自主设计和自主管理等方面的内容。在职培训中教师个体自主性的培养，应以教师和学校为中心，变“外控式”培训为“内需式”培训，使培训成为教师成长和发展的必需。要构建多元化的培训体系，使在职培训最大限度地满足教师发展的需要，成为教师工作的常态。     

以人为本的生命价值理念

每个人都拥有生命权,它是人权理念的最高体现。利益可分为个人利益与集体利益。由于利益损失可事后进行补救或赔偿,故在特定情况下为了集体利益而暂时牺牲某些个人利益,是完全合理的。但生命则不同,人的生命是惟一性的、一次性的、不可逆的,生命的代价是无可补救的。对于任何人来讲,自己的生命价值都是无限的大。正是在这个意义上,个体的生命价值具有终极性。在生命价值之间,没有可比性,因此不能说多数人的生命高于或贵于少数人的生命。这就决定了即便是为了营救更多的人,也不得主动故意地杀死少数无辜的人及危险共同体中的个别人;同时也决定了在遇到生命权的冲突时,社会既应允许当事人做出自我牺牲,也应允许拒绝这种牺牲,实施自救。这就是站在以人为本之基点上的有关生命价值终极性的道德论证。     

Dignity‐based practices in Norwegian activation work

This qualitative study sought to identify dignity‐based practices in a Norwegian activation programme ? the Qualification Programme. Some welfare recipients are likely to experience shame in connection with their interaction with the welfare system. Previous research suggests that a dignity‐based approach could help welfare recipients to avoid such negative experiences. The operational components of dignity have been identified as autonomy, empathy and rights. Data gathered through individual interviews with participants and activation workers were examined using interpretative phenomenological analysis with a focus on exploring respondents’ perceptions of events to which they ascribe meaning. The findings indicate that accounts of empathy were common, but that the study’s participants seldom reported experiencing that their autonomy and rights were enhanced. Participation in the programme appeared to undermine the participants’ dignity, particularly when individual needs were overlooked. An underlying reason could be the current move away from a comprehensive understanding of service users’ different needs and to a narrow focus on employability.     

University gatekeepers’ use of the rhetoric of citizenship to relegate the status of students with disabilities in Canada

Despite affirmation that students with disabilities should have equal access to education, individuals with disabilities are still not participating to the same degree as individuals without disabilities, particularly within postsecondary institutions. Students in Health and Human Service (HHS) programs experience many unique challenges and disadvantages. In-depth focus groups and interviews were conducted with 14 university stakeholders in HHS programs regarding their perceptions and experiences of working with students with disabilities. We found that the rhetoric of citizenship, specifically notions of rationality, autonomy, and productivity, interacts with beliefs about students with disabilities to allow stakeholders to justify their exclusion or limited participation. Our findings demonstrate how taken-for-granted beliefs can limit the inclusion of students with disabilities in ways that seem natural and unproblematic.     

Broadening the Study of Infant Security of Attachment: Maternal Autonomy‐support in the Context of Infant Exploration

Although security of attachment is conceptualised as a balance between infants' attachment and exploratory behaviours, parental behaviours pertaining to infant exploration have received relatively little empirical attention. Drawing from self‐determination theory, this study seeks to improve the prediction of infant attachment by assessing maternal autonomy‐support during infant exploration, in addition to maternal sensitivity. Seventy‐one dyads participated in two home visits. Maternal sensitivity was assessed when the infants were 12 months old, whereas maternal autonomy‐support and infant attachment were assessed at 15 months. The results revealed that autonomy‐support explained an additional portion of the variance in attachment when maternal socioeconomic status and sensitivity were controlled. These results speak to the relevance of a theory‐driven approach to examining maternal behaviours in the context of child exploration.     

我国机长权力法律规制的立法完善

机长权力是《东京公约》的重要内容,厘清机长权力的法律性质对规范机长权力以及维护航空安全有重要意义。机长权力是一种代理关系的表达,兼具私人代理与准行政代理的性质。机长权力中是否包含作为义务,可以说是权力中有没有义务这一争议话题的延伸。机长是飞机上权力最大的人,其权力实际上是一种包含作为义务的权力。机长权力是代理与自治的结合体,对其进行规制至关重要。对权力与义务的事前控制及约束,对规范机长权力的行使以及保护刑法所保护的生命法益尤为关键,应为立法所重视。