转型期乡村基层治理变革的创新模式与优化路径

农村市场化改革使原来的乡村社会体系、农村政治空间和基层治理体制发生了全方位的根本性变化。农村的经济社会转型是一个涵盖基层治理和农村政治在内的系统改革过程,系统中任何一个环节发展的滞后或者停顿都会给整个社会的转型带来不确定性结果,其艰巨性和复杂性也为农村基层自治制度的发展带来契机,使得基层自治和乡村民主政治转型具有现实的必要和发展的必然。     

论民法诸项基本原则及其关系①

民法的基本原则是民法的本质和特征的集中体现,反映了市民社会和市场经济的根本要求,表达了民法的基本价值取向,是高度抽象的、最一般的民事行为规范和价值判断准则.在我国现行的民事立法上,承认了平等原则、意思自治原则、公平原则、诚实信用原则以及公序良俗原则.其中,平等原则是民法的基础原则,它构成了意思自治原则的逻辑前提.意思自治原则是民法最重要,最有代表性的原则,是民法基本理念的体现.民法最重要的使命,就是确认并保证民事主体自由的实现.公平原则,意在谋求当事人之间的利益平衡.在交易领域内公平原则是对意思自治原则的有益补充.诚实信用原则,将最低限度的道德要求上升为法律要求,以谋求个人利益与社会公共利益的和谐.公序良俗原则,包括公共秩序和善良风俗两项内容,对个人利益与国家利益以及个人利益与社会公共利益之间的矛盾和冲突发挥双重调整功能.诚实信用原则和公序良俗原则是对意思自治原则的必要限制,力图谋求不同民事主体之间自由的和谐共存.     

农村宅基地使用权流转的合法性探析

我国现行法律关于农村宅基地使用权流转的规定模糊,且在适用法律的过程中发生了误读.我国现有的农村宅基地使用权流转试点既证明了其存在的合理性,也暴露了农村宅基地使用权制度改革中亟待解决的诸多问题.在渐进式地推进农村宅基地使用权的流转过程中,政府既是不可或缺的力量,也是一个务必准确定位的角色.农村宅基地使用权流转的目标也是多重而复杂的,其中农民的利益是一切问题的起点也是归宿,所以改革应以保证农民意思自治为核心,以实现公平交易为准绳,伴随而生的是土地利用效率的提高与城市化的推进.     

Completing the Circle

Abstract

The four themes of the Circle of Courage, a Native American medicine wheel that focuses on child socialization, connect with and add to key ideas from Western theories of human development. These themes are belonging, mastery, independence, and generosity. The purpose of this paper is to present a framework developed from the integration of the Circle of Courage with theories of human development. A key feature of the framework is the role of adults in providing guidance, modeling, and affirmation. Assessment guidelines to promote the resilience of children and youth in out-of-home care are developed from the framework. The long term goal of the framework is to “complete the circle”; that is to foster the resilience of young people in care so that they can in turn provide to guidance, modeling, and affirmation.     

大学英语听力网络自主学习环境中教师的角色定位——基于学生期望与教师实际课堂教学行为差异比较

通过对基于网络的大学英语自主学习环境中教师角色定位的实证研究,结果发现：在网络自主学习中,学生希望自己的老师担任“倡导者、指导者、监控者、评估者和心理协调者”的角色.虽然教师和学生的信念一致,但学生的期望和教师的实际课堂教学行为之间存在显著性差异.造成差异的主要原因在于传统的教学观念、模式、方法、评估方式以及教师的素质.有鉴于此,从树立信念、提高素质、传授策略、监控和评估过程、重视学生心理情感因素等5个方面,对学校和教师提出了建议.     

浅析大学自治与学术自由

大学自治与学术自由作为现代大学的基本精神,需要制度性的规定进行保障。学术自由是一个相对的概念,没有超然于现实政治之外的学术绝对自由。问题的关键在于:如何将学术自由与政治保持在适当的距离?而这个适当的距离又如何衡量?很显然,以纯粹探求知识为目的、在动机上排除政治性的功利主义动机是将学术研究与政治保持距离的基本要求。但是,另一方面,正如洪堡所提出的那样,政府及国家的作用不应限制教授治校的原则与学术研究的内容及方向,更不能影响知识的传承。     

Individual and community effects of women's education and autonomy on contraceptive use in India

This study makes use of the National Family Health Survey of 1998‐99 to investigate whether differences in women's autonomy can explain much of the relationship between education and contraceptive use among married Indian women with at least one child. The analyses show that a woman's education does not influence her contraceptive use through a strengthening of her position in relation to that of men, but that the inclusion of a simple indicator of her general knowledge reduces education effects appreciably. Further, the average educational level of other women in the census‐enumeration area has an effect on a woman's contraceptive use above and beyond that of her own education. This effect cannot be explained by the specific indicators of autonomy, but can to some extent be explained by the son preference of the community. The latter is a more general autonomy indicator that may also pick up other contextual factors.     

Health conditions in rural and urban areas of developing countries

The poor quality and meagre supply of data prohibit conclusions as to the relationship of health status to rural-urban residence in underdeveloped countries. Demographic indicators of health, specifically infant mortality and average life expectancy, do not seem to vary systematically according to rural-urban residence in the less developed countries ofAsia, Africa and Latin America. Further differences between rural and urban areas in availability of health services and facilities do not always conform with apparent differences between the areas in health status. However, nutritional standards, housing conditions, and sanitation, water supply and other pertinent environmental circumstances account to some extent for differences observed in health status between rural and urban inhabitants of these countries.     

2012年中国民族法学研究述评

2012年中国民族法学研究成果颇丰。其中,论文约有320余篇,比2011年增加了100余篇。这些研究在内容上有以下特点：一是内容较为全面,其中,民族习惯法、民族司法的研究比往年增多,民族政治权利成为年度重要话题;二是内容上的交叉研究增多;三是出现了一些综述性、反思性研究成果;四是关注了一些热点事件和话题;五是应用性研究成果较多。这些研究在方法上有以下特点：一是研究视角的多元化,协商民主成为年度新话题;二是注重实证研究;三是注重比较研究。在全面梳理的基础上,笔者根据研究内容所涉及的民族法学基本理论、民族权利保护、民族区域自治、民族法制建设、民族习惯法、民族法制史、民族司法等方面分别对其主要成果进行了介绍与评价,在辨别良莠、展示精华的同时,为不断繁荣中国民族法学提供可借鉴的年度综合性史料。