基于海绵城市理念的徽州水口园林水环境探析

以徽州水口园林水环境为研究对象,通过分类方法,查阅大量文献,分析水口园林水环境运作机制和海绵城市雨洪管理方法,重点从水、植被、土壤等自然要素分析水口园林水环境的发展模式及其生态效益,借鉴徽州水口园林的雨水调控方法,为现代海绵城市建设提供实际参考.传承并发扬本土景观优势,发挥水、植被、土壤在海绵城市建设中的生态作用,从而更好地体现水口园林水环境运作在海绵城市建设中的研究价值.     

饮用水源地经济与环境协调发展的路径探析

保护饮用水源地周边农村敏感而脆弱的水环境是实现农村经济可持续发展的基本要求。通过构建农村区域经济增长、水环境生态效益、水环境治理的经济效益为主的多目标优化模型,并以南平西芹水厂水源地周边3个典型村庄为例,探讨了饮用水源地周边农村水环境与经济协调发展的主要路径,进而提出未来要加大农村水环境整治和监管力度、提高公众农村水环境治理的参与度及将农业面源污染纳入农村水环境治理范畴等对策建议。     

沿海城市多水源多用户供水优化配置研究

针对多水源、多行业用户的城市供水特点,从经济效益、社会效益等角度构建水资源优化配置模型,并以某沿海城市为例分别从各类水资源工程成本、全成本角度对城市供水结构进行了优化及对比,以期在充分利用水资源、保证需水要求的前提下,寻求水资源开发最佳组合模型,实现供水效益的最大化.为全国同类城市水资源利用结构优化起到一定的借鉴作用.     

80岁以上脑卒中偏瘫患者康复治疗临床观察

目的探讨康复治疗对80岁以上脑卒中偏瘫患者的效果。方法对2008年7月至2009年6月本院老年康复科住院80岁以上脑卒中偏瘫患者66例进行分析总结，设定为治疗组33例，并与病区内未进行康复治疗的该类患者33例（对照组）比较，同时-9随机抽取的病区内低于80岁的中老年人脑卒中偏瘫患者康复治疗30例（年轻治疗组）比较。结果治疗组与对照组比较，治疗组肢体功能好转度Brunstrom分级优于对照组，P〈0．001。Barthel指数改善优于对照组，P〈0．001。高龄治疗组与年轻治疗组比较，肢体功能好转度与Barthel指数改善程度无明显差别，P〉0．05。结论康复治疗对80岁以上脑卒中偏瘫患者生活质量有明显提高作用，对高年脑卒中偏瘫患者也应该积极进行康复治疗。     

The Relative Weights of Direct and Indirect Experiences in the Formation of Environmental Risk Beliefs

Direct experiences, we find, influence environmental risk beliefs more than the indirect experiences derived from outcomes to others. This disparity could have a rational basis. Or it could be based on behavioral proclivities in accord with the well‐established availability heuristic or the vested‐interest heuristic, which we introduce in this article. Using original data from a large, nationally representative sample, this article examines the perception of, and responses to, morbidity risks from tap water. Direct experiences have a stronger and more consistent effect on different measures of risk belief. Direct experiences also boost the precautionary response of drinking bottled water and drinking filtered water, while indirect experiences do not. These results are consistent with the hypothesized neglect of indirect experiences in other risk contexts, such as climate change.     

如何追求文学的精神高度——毕淑敏小说创作论

毕淑敏是一个不断开辟新的人生体验和文学描写的有追求的作家。她的创作给文坛带来新的界面，也提出新的命题。这突出体现在四个方面：作家气质：“白衣天使”与“天才病友”的路径选择；面对疾病：隐喻与治疗的相互矛盾；审视心灵：揭示痛苦与展现隐私的暧昧立场；伦理难题：医学一社会学一文学的彼此纠缠。对毕淑敏创作的深度分析，也同时揭示出当代文学如何追求精神高度的困难所在。     

Care without coercion – mental health rights,personal recovery and trauma‐informed care

Australian mental health services continue to use involuntary measures in response to consumers' mental distress. Regardless of the intent behind these practices, the experience of being forced to receive treatment, be secluded or restrained is traumatic and can cause further distress and harm. Other parts of the health or social service system have shifted to approaches that emphasise agency, social context, prevention, and rights. Three frameworks currently used in mental health services – human rights, personal recovery, and trauma‐informed – are consistent with a shift away from the use of force. We applied these frameworks to the text of the National Standards for Mental Health Services 2010 to analyse the degree to which it reflects a shift. We also analysed the public text of speakers' notes from the Care Without Coercion Conference 2012 concerning lived experiences of force in mental health services. The analysis highlights force in many aspects of policy. The findings have implications for directions of change, including freedom from violence; support for decision making; access and choice about community and inpatient options; safety and risk management; and greater understanding of current policy frameworks through engagement with people with lived experience about the options and impact of support processes that exclude the use of force.     

Systemic Barriers to the Employment of Social Workers in Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Agencies

Abstract

Literature suggests a low number of social workers employed in the field of alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment. This study shows that social workers with undergraduate degrees (BSWs) have higher rates of employment in AOD than bachelor's degree holders from other disciplines. Master's level social workers (MSWs), however, have a much lower involvement than their counterparts with counseling degrees. Six factors are inferred to partially explain MSWs' low involvement in the field: (1) low education requirements; (2) low pay; (3) absence of “social worker” positions; (4) competition among different disciplines; (5) lack of MSW interns; and (6) state certification requirement. Suggestions to increase the employment of social workers in the AOD field are offered.     

Water Adherence Factors for Human Skin

On incidental dermal exposure to chemicals in water, a key exposure factor is the amount of water adhering to skin. Although soil adherence factors have been developed for risk assessment, measurements of water adherence on human skin have not been described. In the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) dermal risk assessment guidance, dermal dose from environmental exposures is based upon the flux rate across the skin, which assumes that an unlimited amount of chemical is available for absorption. This assumption is applicable to certain exposure scenarios such as swimming and bathing. However, exposures to contaminated water frequently involve scenarios where the available chemical is limited by the amount of water adhering to the skin, for example, during accidental splashes. We conducted studies in human volunteers to investigate water adherence per unit area of skin after brief contact with water. In two sets of experiments, either water was applied with a micropipette to 10‐cm² areas of the lower leg, foot, and hand, or the foot and hand were briefly immersed in water. In males, using a micropipette, water adherence ranged from 1.93 (foot) to 7.13 μL/cm² (lower leg). In females, it ranged from 1.10 (lower leg) to 4.83 μL/cm² (hand). Hand and foot immersion resulted in relatively higher values of 6.89 and 5.17 μL/cm², respectively, in males, and 5.40 and 6.39 μL/cm² in females. Water adherence was affected by amount of body hair and type of exposure. Water adherence factors can be used to calculate the applied dose per unit area for exposures involving intermittent water contact.