Scaling Back and Finding Flexibility: Gender Differences in Parents' Strategies to Manage Work–Family Conflict

Studies show that fathers report work–family conflict levels comparable to mothers. The authors examine gender differences in work‐related strategies used to ease such conflicts. The authors also test whether the presence of young children at home shapes parents' use of different strategies. They address these focal questions using panel data from the Canadian Work, Stress, and Health study (N = 306 fathers, 474 mothers). The authors find that mothers with young children are more likely to scale back on work demands when compared with fathers with young children, but mothers and fathers with older children are equally likely to pursue these strategies. Furthermore, women with young children and men with older children are more likely to seek increased schedule control as a result of work–family conflict when compared with their parent counterparts. The authors situate these findings in the vast literature on the consequences of work–family conflict.     

Educational Assortative Mating and Income Dynamics in Couples: A Longitudinal Dyadic Perspective

The question of how educational assortative mating may transform couples' lives and within‐family gender inequality has gained increasing attention. Using 25 waves (1979–2012) of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and longitudinal multilevel dyad models, this study investigated how educational assortative mating shapes income dynamics in couples during the marital life course. Couples were grouped into three categories—educational hypergamy (wives less educated than their husbands), homogamy, and hypogamy (wives more educated than their husbands). Results show that change in husbands' income with marital duration is similar across couples, whereas change in wives' income varies by educational assortative mating, with wives in educational hypogamy exhibiting more positive change in income during the marital life course. The finding that husbands' long‐term economic advancement is less affected than that of wives by educational assortative mating underscores the gender‐asymmetric nature of spousal influence in heterosexual marriages.     

Mothers' and Fathers' Well‐Being in Parenting Across the Arch of Child Development

Limited research on parental well‐being by child age suggests that parents are better off with very young children despite intense time demands of caring for them. This study uses the American Time Use Survey Well‐Being Module (N = 18,124) to assess how parents feel in activities with children of different ages. Results show that parents are worse off with adolescent children relative to young children. Parents report the lowest levels of happiness with adolescents relative to younger children, and mothers report more stress and less meaning with adolescents. Controlling for contextual features of parenting including activity type, solo parenting, and restorative time does not fully account for the adolescent disadvantage in fathers' happiness or mothers' stress. This study highlights adolescence as a particularly difficult stage for parental well‐being and shows that mothers shoulder stress that fathers do not, even after accounting for differences in the context of their parenting activities.     

Children's Perspectives on Happiness and Subjective Well‐being in Preschool

Photo‐elicited interviews indicate that children hardly ever mention educators when asked about elements in preschool that make them feel happy. Happiness is found to occur in activities in the ‘underlife’ of the ECEC institution. Children challenge adult rules and norms in order to create status in the peer‐group, while at the same time, they seek to construct social identity and maintain a positive relationship with their educators. A child that manages to balance both adult expectations and what is needed to participate in the underlife among peers, experiences happiness and thus, is in a good state of well‐being.     

自贡盐业契约“出山约”与“出丢上中下节约”研究

在清代民国时期,四川自贡井盐生产过程中出现了“出山约”、“上、中、下节约”等特殊契约形式,导致这种契约形式出现的原因是多方面的,其中自然环境、盐井开采技术以及市场竞争是导致这些契约关系出现的重要原因。这些契约形式的出现对当时自贡地区盐业生产产生了极大的影响,有效地解决了投资者与地主之间的矛盾,保证了井盐开采所需资金来源,分散了投资风险,优化了盐井生产组织形式,提升了投资的积极性,从而使自贡地区的井盐生产能形成独特的生产模式,长盛不衰。     

解析与重构：未注册驰名商标的法律保护

我国《商标法》依据注册与否,分别为注册和未注册驰名商标提供不同的法律保护,这在很大程度上将未注册驰名商标置于更加危险的境地。良好的商业信誉与广为知晓的知名度是所有驰名商标获得特殊保护的根本与基础。因此,我国《商标法》应改变目前以注册决定保护程度的做法,为未注册驰名商标实行跨类保护,赋予商标权和提供多种民事法律救济。     

元代食盐产地研究

元代大约有173个海盐盐场．池盐产地5处,四川茶盐转运司所辖井盐盐场12个、官府所控制的大井95口（邛州、绍熙府等地私井尚未计算在内）,云南有井盐产地4处,土盐产地有太原1处。与宋、金相比,腹里、江浙沿海地区海盐生产得到一定的发展,其他地区盐业生产都遭到严重破坏。     

钱学三境界

博采精鉴、深思妙悟、融贯打通是钱学独有的三境界。如果说博采精鉴体现了钱学视界大、眼力高的特色,那么深思妙悟则体现了钱学敏于思、妙于悟的特色。前者由中西合璧式的浩博之学而臻于老吏断狱、拔俗不群的鉴别力,后者由旁鹜八极的连类之思而臻于透彻玲珑的悟性。在此基础上钱钟书更辟出融贯打能之极境,将不同文体、不同学科乃至古今中西贯而通之,将心理情理事理物理乃至宇宙至理笼而统之,从而为20世纪中国学术划上完善的句子。     

Fathering With Multiple Partners: Links to Children's Well‐Being in Early Childhood

The claim that multiple partner fertility may pose a risk of adverse outcomes for children has not been tested. We test this argument using a sample of 4,027 resident fathers and children from the Fragile Families and Child Well‐being Survey by examining the pathways through which fathers' multipartnered fertility is associated with children's externalizing behaviors and physical health status at 36 months. Path analyses indicate that multiple partner fertility exerted both a significant direct and indirect effect through paternal depression to influence children's externalizing behaviors. Fathers' multiple partner fertility also exerted a significant indirect effect through one mediator—father involvement—to influence children's physical health. This evidence suggests that the disruptions brought about by multipartnered fertility are important for understanding child well‐being.     

Psychological Well‐Being and Career Indecision in Emerging Adulthood: The Moderating Role of Hardiness

This study investigated the moderating role of hardiness in the relationship between psychological well‐being (PWB) and career indecision in 131 never‐employed Italian emerging adults. Cluster analytic methods produced high and low hardiness profiles. A structural equation modeling analysis underscored the importance of hardiness for moderating the negative association between PWB and career indecision. Specifically, findings revealed that being hardy is a crucial relevant personal resource in the presence of lower levels of PWB. The authors discuss the importance of analyzing simultaneously the role of PWB and hardiness in promoting engagement in the career decision‐making process and provide implications for setting up appropriate career counseling interventions with emerging adults. Suggestions for future research are presented, such as the use of longitudinal designs and qualitative methods.