论国际安全的主要威胁

国际安全是国际社会生存和发展的基本前提,因而也是国际关系研究的主要内容.当前,国际恐怖主义已成为国际社会最突出的安全威胁,它给世界各国带来了严重的危害,促使各国人民增强安全意识、各国政府调整安全战略、国际社会加强安全合作.大规模杀伤性武器的扩散构成了国际安全的重大挑战,国际社会在防止核武器、生物武器、化学武器及其运载工具的扩散方面仍面临许多困难和挑战.霸权主义和强权政治在冷战结束后表现出新的特点,它不仅弱化了联合国的作用,破坏了全球的稳定,使地区问题更加复杂化,还为国际恐怖主义的产生提供了新的条件,因而依然是国际和地区不稳定的重要根源.     

“无核世界”构想及其区域性实践——基于东南亚无核区的分析

"无核世界"构想是一种要求在限制核武器扩散的基础上,对已有核武器进行严格控制并逐步销毁,最终彻底消灭核武器,使国际社会回归到没有核武器的世界的政治主张。半个多世纪以来,"无核世界"构想在塑造全球政治安全环境、培育和平理念、推动核裁军方面发挥了重要作用。虽然当前"无核世界"构想尚难以实现,但在地区层面,无核区在一定意义上实现了"无核世界"构想。东南亚无核区是冷战后核扩散形势严峻的亚洲地区建立的首个无核区,对缓和亚洲地区的核扩散形势起到了积极的作用。本文认为,在国际政治现实下,无核区的建立必将成为实现无核世界的重要路径选择。     

中国文化赋予兵器的意义

本文分析了传统文化与古代兵器的关系,论述了兵器的技艺致用型价值取向,同时分析了兵器制作与使用技法与西方兵器的差异,并且指出兵器发展蕴涵了中国文化的意义。对一些有关兵器的研究成果,本文也从兵器发展规律的意义上提出一些新的看法。     

对核技术发展的伦理思考

战争集中体现了不同阶级、集团利益冲突的尖锐化。核技术在战争中的运用加剧了人类战争的惨烈程度。道德的相对性和阶级性使核武器陷入道德的两难境地。从人类整体和整个生态系统的角度看,核武器是不道德的。和平利用是核技术发展的伦理要求。     

Coping with Competitors Coast to Coast

Abstract. Ecstasy (MDMA) has been added to the spectrum of illicit drugs used by college students. In this study, the authors estimated the prevalence of ecstasy use within a large college student sample and investigated the polydrug-use history of those ecstasy users. They administered an anonymous questionnaire to college students (N = 1,206) in classrooms at a large university in the mid-Atlantic United States. The overall student response rate was 91%. Nine percent of the sample reported lifetime ecstasy use. Because 98% of ecstasy users had used marijuana, the authors compared polydrug use between ecstasy users and individuals who had used marijuana but not ecstasy. Ecstasy users, as compared with these marijuana users, were significantly more likely to have used inhalants (38% vs. 10%), LSD (38% vs. 5%), cocaine (46% vs 2%), and heroin (17% vs 1%) in the past year. Significant polydrug use among college student ecstasy users has important implications for their substance abuse treatment.     

从美国解密文件读解日美间核武器秘密协议

自1967年起佐藤荣作派密使若泉敬与尼克松的密使基辛格就冲绳回归和在日核武器处理等问题进行谈判。分析美国新解密的文件证实,日美之间就核武器问题存在秘密协议,读解这些文件、文献也解明了日美双方的决策过程,并提示了日美间秘密协议对我国国家安全可能产生的具体负面影响。     

Preventing the Importation of Illicit Nuclear Materials in Shipping Containers

We develop a mathematical model to find the optimal inspection strategy for detecting a nuclear weapon (or nuclear material to make a weapon) from being smuggled into the United States in a shipping container, subject to constraints of port congestion and an overall budget. We consider an 11-layer security system consisting of shipper certification, container seals, and a targeting software system, followed by passive (neutron and gamma), active (gamma radiography), and manual testing at overseas and domestic ports. Currently implemented policies achieve a low detection probability, and improved security requires passive and active testing of trusted containers and manually opening containers that cannot be penetrated by radiography. The annual cost of achieving a high detection probability of a plutonium weapon using existing equipment in traditional ways is roughly several billion dollars if testing is done domestically, and is approximately five times higher if testing is performed overseas. Our results suggest that employing high-energy x-ray radiography and elongating the passive neutron tests at overseas ports may provide significant cost savings, and several developing technologies, radiation sensors inside containers and tamper-resistant electronic seals, should be pursued aggressively. Further effort is critically needed to develop a practical neutron interrogation scheme that reliably detects moderately shielded, highly enriched uranium.     

论西方近代哲学的转向与德国古典哲学的性质

西方近代哲学发生了"意识论转向",当代哲学发生了"语言-符号论转向".现今所谓"认识论转向"其实只是前者的第一阶段;第二阶段则是"意志论转向".其中,德国古典哲学起着决定性作用.因而德国古典哲学与其说是理性主义的,不如说是意志主义的.     

Secrecy,publicity, and the bomb: Nuclear publics and objects of the Nevada Test Site, 1951–1992

This article provides an account of the nuclear test series carried out at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). We examine how practices of security produce publics and make particular forms of embodiment possible. This account focuses on three key moments to shift the debate on national security projects from audience to public by bringing intra-action and embodiment into the frame. First, we show how atomic testing operated on the terrain of public culture as much as physical territory. Second, we demonstrate how the materiality of the bomb, and its consequences for those who witnessed detonations, reveals the relation between publicity and secrecy as strategies for managing information about security projects. Finally, drawing on Barad's Agential Realism, we use the dosimetry film badge as a device through which to read the relationship between the atomic bomb and its nuclear publics.     

秦汉北部边防建设

秦汉重视加强北部边防建设,一是边防军队力量建设,派重兵驻防北边,主要有边郡兵、将屯兵、屯田兵和民族兵等,形成了比较强大的边防军事力量;二是边防的军事设施建设,大规模修筑边塞防御工程,建城筑堡,修障造燧,开拓道路,修筑的垣墙、城障、亭燧、烽台、关隘、军用道路和粮秣武库等军事设施,具有战斗、指挥、观察、通信、隐藏等综合功能,奠定了御敌、反击的坚实基础;三是边防经济建设,实施移民实边、积粟输边、军队屯边的移民屯垦政策,增强边防经济实力;四是边防防御能力建设,配置精良的武器装备,提高武器装备的技术性能,采用激励政策,用人以能,考核以绩,晋升以功,对违法失职的边防军追究责任,充分调动边防军提高技能的积极性,加强军事训练,发展骑兵部队,提高军队技术水平,建设精锐之师、无敌之师;五是边防和谐社会建设,对少数民族一方面施以缔约媾和、赏赐怀柔等恩德,另一方面武力征讨,施加威力,示以惩罚,还加强对待少数民族的防御,有备无患。秦汉北部边防建设有两个显著的特点,一是建章立制,二是财政投入力度大,保障了北部边防建设的正常有序进行。秦汉北部边防建设,增强了边防军事力量,提高了边防军的防御能力,有效地抵御外敌入侵,确保了边防的安全,巩固与维护了中原内腹地区的社会安定和经济繁荣,促进了北边地区的经济开发,加速了民族融合。