A cross-cultural study on surrogate mother's empathy and maternal–foetal attachment

BackgroundTraditional and gestational surrogate mothers assist infertile couples by carrying their children. In 2005, a meta-analysis on surrogacy was conducted but no study had examined empathy and maternal–foetal attachment of surrogate mothers. Assessments of surrogate mothers show no sign of psychopathology, but one study showed differences on several MMPI-2 scales compared to a normative sample: surrogate mothers identified with stereotypically masculine traits such as assertiveness and competition. They had a higher self-esteem and lower levels of anxiety and depression.Research objectiveTo determine if there is a difference in empathy and maternal–foetal attachment of surrogate mothers compared to a comparison group of mothers.MethodsThree groups of European traditional and gestational surrogate mothers (n = 10), Anglo-Saxon traditional and gestational surrogate mothers (n = 34) and a European normative sample of mothers (n = 32) completed four published psychometric instruments: the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (empathy index), the Hospital Anxiety and Depressions Scale and the MC20, a social desirability scale. Pregnant surrogate mothers filled the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale (n = 11). Statistical non-parametric analyses of variance were conducted.FindingsDepending on cultural background, surrogate mothers present differences in terms of empathy, anxiety and depression, social desirability and quality of attachment to the foetus compared to a normative sample.ConclusionsEnvironment plays a role for traditional and gestational surrogacy. Surrogate mothers of both groups are less anxious and depressed than normative samples. Maternal–foetal attachment is strong with a slightly lower quality of attachment. Surrogate mother's empathy indexes are similar to normative samples, sometimes higher.     

英汉语言接触中语法偏误现象研究——以地点名词和时间名词的后置现象为例

在语言学习中,因两种语言的相互接触而引起语法偏误的语言现象是普遍存在的。而语言迁移现象（language transfer）,即语言学习者在外语生成中常常运用母语的句型结构,是导致这一偏误发生的重要原因。     

“是……的”句型日译汉的偏误分析

据实际语料考察,日本留学生在日译汉过程中使用“是……的”句型的出错率较高。留学生误译语句中有的没有使用“是……的”句型,有的虽然使用了“是……的”句型,但语序等方面存在问题。在分析偏误产生的原因的基础上,通过朗读等语感训练方式,可以提高“是……的”句型使用的正确率。     

母语在外语教学中的对比功能

文章从语言的共同点出发,分析了母语与英语在语音、语法和词汇方面的特点,通过对两种语言之间三要素的对比分析,探索了母语的对比功能在外语教学中的作用,为英语教学提供可操作策略。     

The intergenerational transmission of income mobility between mothers and their young adult daughters: The mediating role of their daughters' educational attainment

This study examines whether the daughters' educational attainment mediates the intergenerational transmission of economic mobility between mothers and their young adult daughters. To create mother–daughter dyads, two data sets were combined: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 for Children and Young Adults (NLSY79 CY). A total of 2,456 dyads were included for analysis. We used a mediation model to explore the relationship between mothers' income and their young adult daughters' income. Mothers' income was associated with their young adult daughters' educational attainment and income. The mediation model indicated partial mediation of the relationship between mothers' income and their young adult daughters' income via their young adult daughters' educational attainment. Addressing issues of income inequality among mothers may serve as a buffer against the low upward mobility across generations for their young adult daughters raised by low-income mothers. It is imperative to provide programs and financial assistance for mothers to bolster their income and thereby their daughters' educational attainment and income in young adulthood and therefore improve economic mobility from mothers to daughters.     

从女性主义看路遥笔下的贤妻良母形象

路遥作品中,塑造了一些贤妻良母式的女性人物形象。她们生儿育女、相夫教子、无私奉献,是符合男权观念的女性形象。在女性主义的审视下,这些贤妻良母过的却是丧失了自我与个性的生活,并没有真正的幸福可言。     

试论唐代母亲在家庭教育中所起的作用

唐代母亲在教育方面起的作用主要表现在两个方面:学业及思想品德。因为唐代女性的学养不同于前代的封闭与死板,也异于后代的保守与僵化。所以她们扮演的母亲角色在家庭教育方面也不同于以往及后世。她们是一群聪明、能干、坚强的女性,是有智慧的、有头脑的严且爱的母亲。     

历史上岭南诸神考源

雷神,是岭南越人的原生神灵。在历代汉族官员的推动下盛行了几千年。龙母原生于岭南越人中,但她成为神灵,是汉族文化传入的结果。伏波神却是汉族官员哄抬造成的。三界神和花婆神,一是岭南本地的首领兼巫觋,一是随汉族文化的传入而传入,因岭南社会的发展而先后为各地居民所接受。这些神在历史上先后为岭南人所奉祀,各为其用,控制了岭南越人及其传人的思维,决定了他们的价值取向,阻碍了他们的信仰从巫术阶段的向上提升。     

略论原始民族在生育过程中的饮食禁忌

饮食是人类生存和繁衍的首要物质基础。饮食文化比起器物文化来,它的社会学和心理学的因 素更为显著。原始民族在生育过程中所施行的饮食禁忌,特别是父亲的饮食禁忌是原始民族利用交感巫术给 予妻子心理上的安慰和鼓励,籍巫术的感应力以求母婴的平安、种族的繁衍。     

再论“恋母情结”兼乱伦禁忌寻根

18 97年 ,弗洛伊德提出了所谓的“恋母情结”。他认为 ,俄底蒲斯“杀父娶母”悲剧的导演者是“性”。婴儿时代 ,俄底蒲斯潜意识中对母亲的性依恋和对父亲的性仇视是导致其成年后杀父娶母的原因。如果说“杀父娶母”悲剧的根源在于命运的捉弄、非能力性的“不辨血亲” ,而原始的“杀父娶母”的悲剧根源则在于人们还没有建立起血亲观念 ,能力性的不辨血亲。在“不辨血亲”的情况下 ,俄底蒲斯的“杀父”与“娶母”是没有必然联系的两个孤立性的行为 ,它集中体现了原始人所普遍存在的同性倾压与异性冲突。乱伦禁忌以及一切性文明也取决于一个共同的基础———为生存与发展的现实功利