重大公共威胁情境下个体亲社会行为形成机制———以新冠疫情为例

现有研究对于威胁情境和个体亲社会行为的关系并未达成共识.对于两者之间的关系,本研究以新冠肺炎疫情为具体研究情境,从威胁情境的时间和类型两个角度填补了以往研究的空白,以内群体认同和关注他人为中介机制,提出重大公共威胁情境下影响个体捐赠意愿的双路径形成机制和相关调节变量.本文的研究表明,对于新冠疫情这种捐赠方和受助方同时面对的公共威胁情境:1)潜在捐助者所在地的疫情严重程度对其捐赠意愿的影响没有显著差异.2)群体认同和关注他人具有相反的中介作用,其掩盖了潜在捐助者所在地的疫情严重程度对其捐赠意愿的影响;本地疫情严重程度一方面会增强个体的内群体认同继而正向影响捐赠意愿,另一方面会使个体减少关注他人继而减弱其捐赠意愿.3)威胁情境影响过程中,区域文化取向调节了内群体认同的正向中介作用和关注他人的负向中介作用.具体而言,相较于偏个体主义,当区域文化取向为偏集体主义时,本地疫情严重程度对于内群体认同的正向影响能够增强,对于关注他人的负向影响能够减弱.     

“一核多元”型社区综合整治合作生产模式研究 ———以北京市 J 社区为例

老旧小区综合整治事关公众切身利益,体现国家服务效能与治理能力。 基于合作生产理论、公共价值和战略三角模 型间关系,从党建引领视角提出“一核多元”型综合整治合作生产模式。 以北京市 J 社区为例,采用张力分析工具,从使命管 理、政治管理与运营管理层面建构综合整治张力分析模型。 分析发现,党建引领的综合整治合作生产可促进社区合作生产网 络的形成与发展,这对社区治理模式创新与社区治理共同体建设具有重要意义。     

“坚守”还是“离开”——基于扎根理论的公办园非编教师留任意愿影响机制研究

分析影响非编教师留任意愿的深层次原因发现,教师的权益保障直接影响公办园非编教师的留任意愿。留任期待值与留任相对成本共同反映了留任效价,并且既直接影响留任意愿,也调节了教师权益保障与留任意愿之间的关系;自我认知、重要环境、重要他人三个因素构成了留任的内外情境,既以留任效价间接作用于留任意愿,也成功调节了教师权益保障与留任意愿之间的关系。基于公办园非编教师留任意愿影响因素模型,应重视公办园非编教师的教师权益保障,落实好其薪资福利待遇;优化公办园非编教师的管理方式,减轻其对留任成本的担忧;完善非编幼儿教师招考录用机制,增强其外部留任情境的稳定性;求职者也应做好职前自我评估,增强自身内部留任情境的坚定性。     

土地红利公共利益属性的现实基础与保障机制

中国土地红利是经济红利和政策红利共同缔造的特殊红利形式,彰显土地红利公共利益属性是社会公平正义的内在要求。从逻辑上分析,我国土地红利源于土地公有制基础上的一系列制度安排,城镇化和工业化、土地用途管制、土地区位优势、公共投资等因素共同推高了土地价格,奠定了土地红利公共利益属性的坚实基础。为维护土地红利的公共利益属性,国家一方面将其纳入公共财政范畴,以规范公共财政收支的方式实现土地收益“全民共享”,防止土地红利被少数人垄断。另一方面,通过完善相关制度,改进土地收益的税法体系,科学界定房地产开发相关税收的税基和税额;健全土地征收制度,确保征地的目的、程序、收益合法且符合公益;推进土地红利城乡间公平分配,协调公共利益与个人利益的关系,实现土地红利共享。     

农村公共服务供给中的公共性生产逻辑

农村公共服务供给的多主体协同是在共同体框架内进行的,农村公共服务供给共同体形成的关键在于其公共性。结构-文化-行动者的三维分析框架为农村公共服务供给共同体公共性的生产逻辑提供了解释。基于湖南湘西J村人居环境改善的案例研究发现,公权力对私权利的引导、规范纠偏与压制,科层体系下的权力控制以及集体主义优先于个人主义的道德结构是农村公共服务供给共同体公共性生产的压力来源;农村熟人社会对人情关系、公共空间对话和乡村精英的培育为该共同体公共性的生产提供了弹性空间;而个体行动者公共利益优先于个人利益的利益选择、参与型的意义建构和服务型的价值认同则促使其自主生产公共性。     

What's wrong with sociology? Its public image

In response to editor Stephen Cole's question—"What's wrong with sociology?"—the answer is nothing that cannot be overcome by clearer communications and better public relations. The problem is that the field is not held in high esteem by college administrators, legislators, and the public. Many see us as rebels of the 1960s, political liberals, and impractical thinkers with a penchant for jargon. Even our research is derided by some as a waste of money. The solution consists of strategies for overcoming our poor public image. Seven strategies for doing so are discussed: (1) Write clearly. (2) Write for a mass audience. (3) Seek board positions. (4) Strengthen our identity. (5) Teach sociology in high school. (6) Develop academic partnerships. (7) Emphasize outcomes: increase in tolerance and research skills.     

Public Enterprise Reform in Fiji Islands

Reforming the public sector has been on the agenda of nations throughout the world since the late 1970s. Fiji is no exception. It has embarked on reforming its commercial and industrial enterprises since the late 1980s. The government of Fiji has reformed most of its enterprises with an avowed objective of enhancing profitability, productivity, efficiency and accountability. This paper makes an attempt to share some of the experiences of public enterprise reform process in Fiji. It aims to analyze the background, process, contents and impact of the reform and examine the factors impeding the reform program. It highlights that (a) both internal and external factors were responsible for introducing reforms; (b) the reform efforts have not been able to produce desired results; (c) the structural inadequacies in institutions and organizations have created bottlenecks in the reform process; and (d) uncertainty in the political sphere has contributed further to policy shifts.     

Making Sense of Organizations in Public Management: A Back-to-Basics Approach

This article addresses some basic facts and ideas about organizations as a way of concluding the symposium. It identifies different types of organizations in terms of their legal-structural characteristics, and considers aspects of their legal power, ownership, financing, staffing, and outsourcing. It ends with some suggestions for further related research on organizations.     

Private Ownership versus Institutional Ownership: Exclusion Pricing of Initial Public Offerings

The authors examine the literature with respect to the pricing of initial public offerings and focus upon the relationship of pricing to the structure and conduct of the investment banking industry. Using a data base of all share offerings undertaken in the United States over a two and a half year period, the authors find that there is considerable evidence for the proposition that large, prestigious, and well capitalised investment banks tend to price their share offerings at a higher absolute level than those not meeting such characteristics. Using classical statistical methods, the authors find that the pricing strategy of investment banks is connected to their affiliation with investment funds and unit trusts. The motives for such pricing strategies, the authors argue, lie with the affiliation of investment banks with investment funds, suggesting that the pricing of new share offerings may be a means of excluding retail investors from participating in the strong returns such issues exhibit. The authors raise legal and regulatory implications of their findings in the context of the general consolidation observed within the investment banking industry. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Forest Fire Risk Management and Public Participation in Changing Socioenvironmental Conditions: A Case Study in a Mediterranean Region

Under current conditions of accelerated socioenvironmental change in the Mediterranean forested landscapes, fire is one of the most critical and difficult risks to tackle within the region. This article summarizes the lessons learned from a project based on the participatory integration of qualitative local stakeholders' knowledge with expert GIS fire simulations carried out in the County of El Bages, Catalonia, Spain. First, in this article, a theoretical model--the forest fire circle--is presented in order to explain the reasons for the rise in the damage and frequency of forest fires in this Mediterranean area. Second, it describes the methodology developed and the stages followed during the project. Results show that: (1) the advocacy of old forest reactive management paradigm assumptions and practices based on uncontrolled forest succession can put vast wooded areas of the Mediterranean basin at critical risk; and (2) forest fire management approaches that ignore the crucial role of long-term prevention and local capacity building strategies have failed. In the final section, the content and the specific dimensions of the old reactive paradigm that has characterized forest fire risk management in Catalonia are discussed and contrasted with the possibly emerging preventative paradigm.