An Analysis of the Psychological Mechanism of Confucius’ Benevolence

讨论中国人的观念系统在很大程度上离不开儒家思想, 分析儒家思想要从孔子开 始。孔子因 “德命” 受挫而形成 “时命” 观, “时命” 观挑战了 “以德配天” 的思 想, 这需要更为本源的终极观来应对。孔子在内外心理框架的互动中, 反思体悟而形 成 “仁” 的终极观。在此理念的支配下, 向内修德凝道而 “内圣”, 向外践行 “仁 政” 而 “外王” , 内外并重以获得充沛丰盈的生命意义感。

关键词:仁 内圣外王 心理机制

The discussion of the conceptual system of the Chinese is, to a large extent, inseparable from Confucian thought, and its analysis should start from Confucius himself. He developed the idea of shiming (时命), or the mandate of the times, after the idea of deming (德命), or the mandate of virtue, encountered repeated setbacks. Shiming challenged the idea that “Heaven is aligned with the virtuous,” and coping with this challenge required an ultimate worldview of a more original nature. Confucius formed his ultimate world view of “benevolence” (ren 仁) through the interaction between his internal and external psychological framework and his reflections and realizations. Gripped by this idea, he cultivated inward virtue and adhered to the Way while outwardly practicing benevolence, with the goal of becoming “a sage within and a king without.” The balancing of the interior and the exterior was the key to enjoying a rich and meaningful life.     

Habitat stability and the larval mosquito community in treeholes and other containers on a temperate Island

The temporal fluctuation of water levels and the presence of mosquito larvae were investigated for four types of small container habitats (treeholes, bamboo stumps, cemetery stone vases, and cemetery stone vessels) on Kabeshima Island in Kyushu, southwestern Japan. The probability that containers held water was positively correlated with the quantity of the preceding rainfall and with the depth and volume of the containers. It was estimated that dehydration occurred more regularly in autumn and winter than in summer. The probability that mosquito larvae were present in each type of container was positively correlated with habitat stability in terms of the probability of the existence of standing water and the coefficient of variation of the water level. Twelve species of mosquito larvae, including two rare predators, were found. Species composition differed between the different types of container. Although 4 to 10 species used each type of container, the median number of species per container was two for treeholes and bamboo stumps, and one for the others. The dominant species wasTripteroides bambusa in treeholes and bamboo stumps,Aedes albopictus in stone vases, andA. japonicus in stone vessels. The larval mosquito community, which lacked major predators, possessed the following features that may facilitate the coexistence of many species: (1) niche segregation amongst species in terms of their selection of container types; (2) an aggregated distribution of the individual species among containers of the same type; (3) high intraspecific mean crowding (and hence probably intense intraspecific competition) in the dominant species in each type of container; (4) independent species associations within the same type of container; and (5) low interspecific mean crowding (and hence probablynot intense interspecific competition) between species in the same type of container.     

我国《食品安全法》的审视与完善

两年多来,我国《食品安全法》实施情况如何,值得审视。实践中具有哪些积极意义,还存在哪些问题;通过借鉴发达国家有关食品安全方面的法律制度和成功经验,提出立法完善意见和政策建议。     

乾隆《贵州通志·列女传》考论

乾隆《贵州通志.列女传》记载了贵州自宋至清初14府11州31县600余名贞节列女,这些贞节列女大体可分为节女、烈女、孝女与义女四种类型。其中节女最多,是我们关注的重点。分析节女的守节,可知其面临父母、翁姑、外族及天灾等阻力。但节女多数仍摆脱了各种阻力,从而为夫家养老抚幼,为国家育人讽教。因此,国家采取了各种旌表措施来表彰这些列女,如旌表门闾、建坊立祠等。不过,由于各种原因,也有不少列女未得到旌表。     

略论《孙子》十三篇的人本思想

本文认为 ,《孙子兵法》这一理论体系的核心与基点是“人”。在《孙子兵法》中 ,战争的最高目的是“安国保民”,孙子最卓越的理论“不战而屈人之兵”即是服务于这一目的的 ;在战争胜负的主宰上 ,人“能为胜败正”;在战争准备、实施过程中极为重视人的积极能动作用 ;对战争给人民带来的苦痛给予了充分的关注 ;并提倡优待俘虏。孙子作为兵家大师 ,却拥有与儒者一样的“仁民爱物”的济世情怀 ,实在可贵 ,这充分反映了其理论所达到的哲学高度     

我/你/他/作定语不带"的"情况分析

通过对我/你/他作定语不带"的"情况分析,描写其结构形式和语义特征,并以认知语法为指导,分亲属词、借子称谓亲属词、表处所的行政区划词、军事称谓词和单音节集合名词等几部分对我/你/他作定语不带"的"情况形成动因作出解释.     

Effects of residential density on sonoran desert nocturnal rodents

We compared nocturnal rodent distributions among residential developments and in adjacent undeveloped native habitat remnants in Tucson, Arizona during October 1994. We trapped rodents in 2 low density (0.5 houses/ha) developments, 2 medium density (7.5 houses/ha) developments, and in 4 adjacent blocks of undeveloped native habitat using trap lines of 50 snap traps spaced at 2 traps every 10 meters. We compared species abundance, species richness, and total abundance among the 4 site types in a contingency table using a 2-tailed Fisher's exact test, and used post-hoc tests where the null hypothesis of no difference among sites was rejected. We encountered 144 individuals representing 5 species of nocturnal rodents in 1200 trap nights. Of 4 native rodent species, none were captured in medium housing density sites. House mice (Mus musculus) were captured only in medium housing density sites. Total rodent abundance was lower in both the medium density residential and the adjacent undeveloped sites than in either low density or adjacent undeveloped sites. Low density housing must be included in the developing matrix if the full complement of native nocturnal rodents is to be retained in Tucson.     

基于顾客策略性购买和退货行为的缺货保障策略价值研究

针对产品缺货, 本文基于顾客策略性行为在存在顾客无理由退货的条件下对两类缺货保障策略(即公开库存策略和缺货补偿策略)的价值进行了深入研究。本文分别建立了不提供任何缺货保障策略、公开库存保障策略和缺货补偿保障策略的理性预期均衡模型, 通过对模型进行最优化分析发现产品缺货对最优无理由退货价格没有影响;顾客策略购买行为会破坏公开库存策略对销量的积极作用, 但这种破坏作用可以通过提供慷慨的无理由退货服务来弥补, 并且公开真实库存策略的价值优于公开虚假库存;当缺货补偿效用高于补偿成本时(称为有效的缺货补偿), 缺货补偿策略的价值优于公开库存策略。最后, 本文用Matlab软件对上述模型进行算例分析, 验证了文中理论模型的正确性。     

被害人利益的维度考量之刑法意义思考——以亲告罪为视角

随着"被害人学"的勃兴,被害人的主体地位、权利救济等在刑事政策的变迁中得到彰显,由此影响到刑事立法对被害人利益的尊重与考量。反观我国刑法,除了亲告罪,几乎没有对被害人主体利益特别是自我决定的尊重与保护,这不利于扩张刑法的法益保护机能与贯彻刑法谦抑性理念。为了让被害人利益在我国刑法中得到彰显,不仅要在完善亲告罪立法体例基础上适度扩张其适用范围,还要对被害人承诺进行适度的法定化,明确被害人承诺的概念,并就被害人对身体健康权的承诺进行限定,以与新增设的组织出卖人体器官罪的设置保持协调。     

汉语植物音译外来词释名与望文生义探析

望文生义是语源探求研究中最常见的一种错误的训诂学方法。在汉语植物音译外来词释名中常常出现望文生义的错误解释。本文通过分析音译外来词在汉化过程中所表现出来的特点,对望文生义产生的原因进行了专门探讨。