基于顾客策略性购买和退货行为的缺货保障策略价值研究

针对产品缺货, 本文基于顾客策略性行为在存在顾客无理由退货的条件下对两类缺货保障策略(即公开库存策略和缺货补偿策略)的价值进行了深入研究。本文分别建立了不提供任何缺货保障策略、公开库存保障策略和缺货补偿保障策略的理性预期均衡模型, 通过对模型进行最优化分析发现产品缺货对最优无理由退货价格没有影响;顾客策略购买行为会破坏公开库存策略对销量的积极作用, 但这种破坏作用可以通过提供慷慨的无理由退货服务来弥补, 并且公开真实库存策略的价值优于公开虚假库存;当缺货补偿效用高于补偿成本时(称为有效的缺货补偿), 缺货补偿策略的价值优于公开库存策略。最后, 本文用Matlab软件对上述模型进行算例分析, 验证了文中理论模型的正确性。     

Evaluating Potential Distribution of High‐Risk Aquatic Invasive Species in the Water Garden and Aquarium Trade at a Global Scale Based on Current Established Populations

Aquatic non‐native invasive species are commonly traded in the worldwide water garden and aquarium markets, and some of these species pose major threats to the economy, the environment, and human health. Understanding the potential suitable habitat for these species at a global scale and at regional scales can inform risk assessments and predict future potential establishment. Typically, global habitat suitability models are fit for freshwater species with only climate variables, which provides little information about suitable terrestrial conditions for aquatic species. Remotely sensed data including topography and land cover data have the potential to improve our understanding of suitable habitat for aquatic species. In this study, we fit species distribution models using five different model algorithms for three non‐native aquatic invasive species with bioclimatic, topographic, and remotely sensed covariates to evaluate potential suitable habitat beyond simple climate matches. The species examined included a frog (Xenopus laevis), toad (Bombina orientalis), and snail (Pomacea spp.). Using a unique modeling approach for each species including background point selection based on known established populations resulted in robust ensemble habitat suitability models. All models for all species had test area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values greater than 0.70 and percent correctly classified values greater than 0.65. Importantly, we employed multivariate environmental similarity surface maps to evaluate potential extrapolation beyond observed conditions when applying models globally. These global models provide necessary forecasts of where these aquatic invasive species have the potential for establishment outside their native range, a key component in risk analyses.     

从《道路交通安全法》看强制责任保险的发展对策

《道路交通安全法》的开始实施,使机动车第三者责任强制保险的法律地位得到认可。本文以此为出发点,探讨了强制责任保险的性质、目前的发展情况和面临的问题以及解决这些问题的对策,以期准确了解和完善该制度并促进其在我国的发展。     

试论无标底招标与低价中标

随着我国加入WTO后逐步融入全球经济体系,工程建设市场将日益开放。为了更好地与国际接轨,针对传统工程项目建设招投标方式,提出无标底招标与低价中标模式,分析这种模式的涵义、特点、法律依据和实施程序,并对实施过程中可能出现的问题提出相应的对策和措施。     

唐代德宪两朝翰林学士与中枢政治

唐代德宪两朝承安史乱后之政局,在宰相淡出中枢决策系统、差遣使职进一步侵蚀国家行政机构、宦官专权以及藩镇跋扈的政治环境下,皇权出于对中枢决策的集中的要求,提高了翰林学士草诏出令、参决大政的职权,使其跻身于中枢决策,成为辅助君主居于禁中集权决策的重要政治力量。     

On some properties of variable size simple random sampling and a limit theorem

This paper introduces a sampling plan for finite populations herein called “variable size simple random sampling” and compares properties of estimators based on it with results from the usual fixed size simple random sampling without replacement. Necessary and sufficient conditions (in the spirit of Hajek (1960)) for the limiting distribution of the sample total (or sample mean) to be normal are given.     

出卖他人之物合同的效力——评《合同法》第51条对买卖合同的适用

在买卖合同中出卖人欠缺处分权时,应将其合同认定为有效,在现有法律规范框架下按照特别法优于一般法的原则,优先适用合同法第150条关于瑕疵担保义务的规定,限定适用第51条关于无权处分合同无效的规定。     

Habitat use and activity patterns of urban-dwelling javelina

In Arizona, conflicts between homeowners and urban-dwelling javelina (Tayassu tajacu) continued to increase. Human-javelina conflicts often occurred when javelina responded to urban attractants and destroyed ornamental landscapes, injured pets, and frightened homeowners. This prompted initiation of a study during 1992–93 to develop recommendations to alleviate these conflicts. We captured, radio-collared, and located eight javelina from six herds to determine home ranges, habitat use, and activity patterns in Prescott, Arizona. Urban-dwelling javelina adjusted their home ranges, habitat use, and activity patterns to best use human-provided urban food, water, and cover resources. The most conspicuous of these adjustments was the increased nocturnal activity of urban-dwelling javelina to avoid human disturbances. Undeveloped land within or adjacent to Prescott provided javelina with daytime bedding areas and nighttime travel corridors. We determined that this issue was more a people problem than it was a javelina problem. Thus, strategies to resolve the conflicts must target homeowners.     

“历史无主体”：对人道主义马克思主义历史观的理论反拨

马克思历史观问题历来是西方马克思主义争论的热点之一。自人道主义马克思主义兴起以来,历史主体论就成了西方马克思主义对马克思历史观的惟一解读。与此针锋相对,阿尔都塞毅然提出了"历史无主体"的命题,首创了科学的马克思主义"无主体"历史观的先河。这一命题不仅是阿尔都塞对马克思历史观的独特解读,更重要的是,它是一种对人道主义马克思主义历史观的理论反拨。     

论无原则的批判

思想的一般本性规定为批判,也就是对于事物边界的划分。无原则的批判,既否定立场,也否定根据,是一种无立场和无根据的思想,它只关注事物本身的显现,也就是实事求是。