The relationship between socioeconomic status and infant mortality in a metropolitan aggregate, 1989–1991

This paper presents the results of an ecological analysis of the relationship between infant mortality and economic status in a metropolitan aggregate comprised of seven of the larger cities in Ohio during the three years centering on the 1990 census. Using a summary income score derived for the census tract of mother's usual residence, the census tracts in the seven metropolitan centers were divided into broad income groupings and three-year average infant mortality rates were computed for each area, by age, sex, race, and selected causes of death. The most important conclusion to be drawn from the data is that in spite of some remarkable declines in overall levels of infant mortality during the past few decades, there continues to be a very clear and pronounced inverse association between income status and infant mortality. The general inverse association is observed for both sexes, for whites and nonwhites, and for all major causes of infant death. At the same time, the data reveal notable differences in the magnitude of the relationship by sex, and especially by age at death, race, and cause of death. Explanations of these differences are suggested, and a conclusion notes some of the difficulties encountered in developing programs aimed at closing the infant mortality gap between the richest and poorest segments of the society.This is an expanded version of a paper presented at the annual meetings of the Eastern Sociological Society in Baltimore, Maryland (March 17–20, 1994).     

佛山市体育产业发展现状及对策

佛山的体育产业虽然在近几年有了很大的发展,但与国内许多城市比较,尚处于起步阶段。改变这一现 状的途径是:加快体育市场立法进程,正确处理体育部门"办"体育与"管体育的关系;把握机遇,将佛山的体育产 业推动到更高的档次体育产业;应当吸纳大批的经营管理专业人才,提高经营管理水平,提升行业的影响力和竞 争力。     

为什么不能“从身份到契约”

中国不能从"身份到契约"的原因在于缺乏一个较为宽松的政治环境,没有发达的市场经济背景以及市场主体的普遍缺失.     

The Impact of Physical Attractiveness on Women's Social Status and Interactional Power

This article tests hypotheses derived from status-generalization theory and communication-accommodation theory that behaviors resulting from status inequalities emerge when attractiveness differentiates dyads. Relying on unobtrusive acoustic analysis of 24 women's voices, we test the extent to which (1) women adjust nonverbal behavior to one another; (2) more attractive women exert more influence than less attractive partners; and (3) the effects of attractiveness on influence are stronger if a greater relative difference exists between partners. Findings suggest that if two interacting women are similarly attractive, then they compete dynamically for status, which informs recent developments in the expectation-states research program. An earlier version of the paper was presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association in Washington, DC in August 2000.     

A Markov Chain Model for an EMS System with Repositioning

We propose and analyze a two‐dimensional Markov chain model of an Emergency Medical Services system that repositions ambulances using a compliance table policy, which is commonly used in practice. The model is solved via a fixed‐point iteration. We validate the model against a detailed simulation model for several scenarios. We demonstrate that the model provides accurate approximations to various system performance measures, such as the response time distribution and the distribution of the number of busy ambulances, and that it can be used to identify near‐optimal compliance tables. Our numerical results show that performance depends strongly on the compliance table that is used, indicating the importance of choosing a well‐designed compliance table.     

马克思特利尔时期的思想状况研究及其当代意义

研究马克思特利尔时期思想状况的主要依据是他的三篇中学毕业作文。其中最能代表马克思当时政治思想状况的是《奥古斯都的元首政治应不应当算是罗马国家较幸福的时代?》,《青年在选择职业时的考虑》则是马克思特利尔时期人生理想和社会理想的表达。而另一篇宗教作文则是按照学校要求撰写的一般性作业。三篇作文反映了马克思特利尔时期思想状况的不同方面,有些观点成为马克思思想的最初原点。厘清马克思最初时期的人生理想和政治态度的界限,具有重要的文本学研究意义和现实意义。     

关于我国大学英语教材评价研究的几点思考

20世纪90年代以来,随着我国大学英语教学改革的开展和深化,大学英语教材层出不穷,其中不乏使用面广、影响面大的教材。然而,由于教材评价指标体系的缺失,一部大学英语教材的优劣和在特定人群中的适用性却无从得知,导致各高校选择教材时无据可循,受到很多外部因素的影响。通过深入分析我国大学英语教材评价研究的现状,试图从评价目标、评价主体、评价标准和评价内容、评价方法、评价结论等方面提出建议,为大学英语教材评价指标体系的构建理清思路。     

进城务工人员随迁子女语言应用的现状及对策研究——以成都市为例

近年来,进城务工人员随迁子女的语言应用与训练成为社会关注的热点。进城务工人员随迁子女语言应用面临如下现状:自身受方言影响根深蒂固,语言习惯差;学校对推广普通话重视不够,教师的普通话水平有待提高;家庭语言培养环境缺失;社会语言环境欠佳,说普通话的氛围不浓等。为此,政府、学校、家庭、社会等应多方参与,形成教育合力,创造条件,加强进城务工人员随迁子女的社会融入度;提高认识,加大推广普通话的力度;主动与孩子加强交流;营造良好的普通话交际氛围等。分析进城务工人员随迁子女语言应用面临的现状,积极探求他们语言应用能力培养的有效策略,不仅有利于提高他们的自身素质,更有利于维护社会的稳定、和谐。     

从历史学、人类学的视野看两性社会地位的初步分化

两性社会地位的分化是在历史上逐渐形成的,它是诸多文化要素相互作用的结果,其根源就在于两性对社会控制力量的不同掌握.从历史学、人类学的视野来看,影响两性社会地位初步分化的社会控制力量主要表现在婚后居住方式、巫术对性别的不同选择、社会文化对女性的禁忌、战争的性别特征以及男子建立政治社会等五个方面.这些文化要素的共同作用,使得女性在社会地位的评价中逐渐处于不利的位置,两性社会地位的初步分化便因此而得以形成.     

《化书》道教伦理思想探究

《化书》乃五代时期道教之经典,其中颇为丰富之伦理思想竟为学界所忽视。它视角独特地从生物学上寻找人类伦理之源;痛斥当时道德堕落之状况;认为伦理教化之根基在于帝王无为寡欲,清正爱民;其实施策略即为与民同甘共苦,倡导平均,厉行节俭;其伦理理想则为由人人平等而至天下大治。这是融儒家、佛家思想于道家之中的伦理创新,是中古道教伦理思想之重要成就。