多模态图文文本翻译探讨

以越野车宣传手册的翻译为例,根据此类文本的图文特点和翻译难点,选取系泊图文关系和延伸图文关系作为理论基础,提出产品宣传册多模态图文文本翻译方法。根据系泊图文关系,借助分析图片来确定词语和句子层面的文字翻译,主要体现为：在词语层面确定文字的具体指代物和多义词的翻译;在句子层面帮助抽象意义具象化。根据延伸图文关系,用图片的意义补充文字翻译,主要体现为：在词汇层面补充形态信息,句子层面补充隐含信息。这一研究旨在为越野车宣传手册和其他车辆宣传手册图文文本,甚至其他产品的宣传手册图文文本的翻译提供一种新方法。     

Biomarker classification derived from finite growth mixture modeling with a time-varying covariate: an example with phosphorus and glomerular filtration rate

Finite growth mixture modeling may prove extremely useful for identifying initial pharmacotherapeutic targets for clinical intervention purposes in chronic kidney disease. The primary goal of this research is to demonstrate and describe the process of identifying a longitudinal classification scheme to guide timing and dose of treatment in future randomized clinical trials. After discussing the statistical architecture, we describe the model selection and fit criteria in detail before choosing and selecting our final 4-class solution (BIC = 1612.577, BLRT of p < .001). The first class (highly elevated group) had an average starting point of 3.969?mg/dl of phosphorus at Visit 1, and increased 0.143 every two years until Visit 4. The second, elevated class had an average starting point of 3.460?mg/dl of phosphorus at Visit 1, and increased 0.101 every two years until Visit 4. The normative class had an average starting point of 3.019?mg/dl of phosphorus at Visit 1, and increased 0.099 every two years until Visit 4. Lastly, the low class had an average starting point of 2.525?mg/dl of phosphorus at Visit 1, and increased 0.158 every two years until Visit 4. We hope that this example will spur future applications in biomedical sciences in order to refine therapeutic targets and/or construct long-term risk categories.     

Multiracial identities,single race history: Contemporary consequences of historical race and marriage laws for racial classification

This work interrogates the role of the law as an “actor” in the spatial patterning of racial classification. Laws governing racial intermarriage represent key ways that rigid distinctions between groups were codified. Critically, there is a great deal of state variation in these laws. We draw on a unique data set that combines samples from the 1990 and 2000 Census (5 percent IPUMS) and the 2009–2011 estimates from the American Community Survey with information on state-specific legal bans against intermarriage. Results from multilevel logistic and multinomial analyses indicate that a past of legal regulation is associated with a lower likelihood of a “mixed” classification for the offspring of black-white interracial unions, particularly in the 2009–11 period. Our results provide evidence that place-specific institutional legacies are imprinted on the classification choices made even in the midst of expanding options.     

Segmented classification analysis with a class of rectangle-screened elliptical populations

In many practical situations, a statistical practitioner often faces a problem of classifying an object from one of the segmented (or screened) populations where the segmentation was conducted by a set of screening variables. This paper addresses this problem, proposing and studying yet another optimal rule for classification with segmented populations. A class of q-dimensional rectangle-screened elliptically contoured (RSEC) distributions is considered for flexibly modeling the segmented populations. Based on the properties of the RSEC distributions, a parametric procedure for the segmented classification analysis (SCA) is proposed. This includes motivation for the SCA as well as some theoretical propositions regarding its optimal rule and properties. These properties allow us to establish other important results which include an efficient estimation of the rule by the Monte Carlo expectation–conditional maximization algorithm and an optimal variable selection procedure. Two numerical examples making use of utilizing a simulation study and a real dataset application and advocating the SCA procedure are also provided.     

Human capital and innovativeness of the European Union regions

The objective of this article is to analyze and classify European Union (EU) regions according to human capital and innovativeness. Innovativeness of 225 EU NUTS-2 regions within 2008–2010 is analyzed with special attention paid to human capital. Eighteen indicators of innovativeness and human capital were adapted and transformed into four mutually orthogonal components, with use of factor analysis. The use of factor analysis eliminated the portions of information overlapping in indicators proposed in the beginning of the analysis. It is one of the beneficial differences between the approach presented in this article and the Regional Innovation Scoreboard. A second difference is the scope, for in this article the specific meaning of human capital in the innovation process was highlighted. On this basis the EU regions were classified in five homogeneous groups. It enabled the authors to draw conclusions concerning the areas of innovativeness which need specific support and the potential to be exploited. On the basis of our article concerning the issue of relatively poor innovativeness of some EU regions’ economies, it's worth stressing that underinvestment in the field of human capital is one of the basic causes which determine different results obtained in innovation activity.     

Beyond the Comtean Schema: The Sociology of Culture and Cognition Versus Cognitive Social Science

In this essay, I argue that the very form of the grammatical construction “a sociology of culture and cognition” (which is a specification of the more general schema “a sociology of [X]”) is symptomatic of a deeply entrenched form of “Primitive Classification” (which I will refer to as the “Comtean schema”) that governs the way in which sociologists conceive of their place in, and engage with other denizens of, the social science landscape. I will also argue that while this style of disciplinary engagement might have worked in the past when it came to dealing with the standard (nineteenth‐century) social science disciplines and even some late‐twentieth‐century upstarts, it will not work as a way to engage the now‐sprawling postdisciplinary field that I will refer to as “Cognitive Social Science” (CSS). The takeaway point is that if sociologists want to be part of CSS (and it is in their interest to be part of it because this constitutes the future of the behavioral sciences), then they will have to give up the Comtean‐schematic thought style.     

High-dimensional Canonical Forest

Recently, a new ensemble classification method named Canonical Forest (CF) has been proposed by Chen et al. [Canonical forest. Comput Stat. 2014;29:849–867]. CF has been proven to give consistently good results in many data sets and comparable to other widely used classification ensemble methods. However, CF requires an adopting feature reduction method before classifying high-dimensional data. Here, we extend CF to a high-dimensional classifier by incorporating a random feature subspace algorithm [Ho TK. The random subspace method for constructing decision forests. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell. 1998;20:832–844]. This extended algorithm is called HDCF (high-dimensional CF) as it is specifically designed for high-dimensional data. We conducted an experiment using three data sets – gene imprinting, oestrogen, and leukaemia – to compare the performance of HDCF with several popular and successful classification methods on high-dimensional data sets, including Random Forest [Breiman L. Random forest. Mach Learn. 2001;45:5–32], CERP [Ahn H, et al. Classification by ensembles from random partitions of high-dimensional data. Comput Stat Data Anal. 2007;51:6166–6179], and support vector machines [Vapnik V. The nature of statistical learning theory. New York: Springer; 1995]. Besides the classification accuracy, we also investigated the balance between sensitivity and specificity for all these four classification methods.     

《文心雕龙》的文体分类论——和《昭明文选》文体分类的比较

<昭明文选>和<文心雕龙>都对文体加以分类,特别重视诗和赋两种文体.但它们是两部性质不同的书,对文学分类的角度也不尽相同.<文心雕龙>作为一部理论著作,重在研究和阐述各类文体的历史发展及创作特征;而<昭明文选>是一部文学作品的选本,重点在选出各类文体中最优秀的代表性作品.前者偏重于从文学理论方面去研究文体的类别,而后者则偏重于从文学创作角度区别不同文体.前者以理论为标准,不论作品好坏,只要有理论上的意义,就需要提出来讨论;后者以创作为标准,选出优秀作品,有些文类没有好作品,则可以不选.     

汉字所蕴涵的酒文化信息

汉字也同古代传说一样遗留有酒文化的信息。在由汉字所写就的古文献中随处可见酒文化的信息 ,在汉字的古老形体中也可以寻觅到酒文化的信息。其中有酒起源的传说、酒与盛酒之器的字形、酒的制作方法与品类、酒的礼仪与功用以及酒在社会生活中的影响等     

Estimation of variance components in an unbalanced one-way classification

In the unbalanced one-way random effects model the weighted least squares approach with estimated weights is used to develop a relatively simple estimator of variance components. As the number of classes increases, the proposed estimator is seen not only to be best asymptotically normal but also to be asymptotically equivalent to the maximum likelihood estimator.