Reinforcement‐based vs. Belief‐based Learning Models in Experimental Asymmetric‐information Games

This paper examines the abilities of learning models to describe subject behavior in experiments. A new experiment involving multistage asymmetric‐information games is conducted, and the experimental data are compared with the predictions of Nash equilibrium and two types of learning model: a reinforcement‐based model similar to that used by Roth and Erev (1995), and belief‐based models similar to the ‘cautious fictitious play’ of Fudenberg and Levine (1995, 1998) These models make predictions that are qualitatively similar cycling around the Nash equilibrium that is much more apparent than movement toward it. While subject behavior is not adequately described by Nash equilibrium, it is consistent with the qualitative predictions of the learning models. We examine several criteria for quantitatively comparing the predictions of alternative models. According to almost all of these criteria, both types of learning model outperform Nash equilibrium. According to some criteria, the reinforcement‐based model performs better than any version of the belief‐based model; according to others, there exist versions of the belief‐based model that outperform the reinforcement‐based model. The abilities of these models are further tested with respect to the results of other published experiments. The relative performance of the two learning models depends on the experiment, and varies according to which criterion of success is used. Again, both models perform better than equilibrium in most cases.     

A generalized Bayesian nonlinear mixed‐effects regression model for zero‐inflated longitudinal count data in tuberculosis trials

In this paper, we investigate Bayesian generalized nonlinear mixed‐effects (NLME) regression models for zero‐inflated longitudinal count data. The methodology is motivated by and applied to colony forming unit (CFU) counts in extended bactericidal activity tuberculosis (TB) trials. Furthermore, for model comparisons, we present a generalized method for calculating the marginal likelihoods required to determine Bayes factors. A simulation study shows that the proposed zero‐inflated negative binomial regression model has good accuracy, precision, and credibility interval coverage. In contrast, conventional normal NLME regression models applied to log‐transformed count data, which handle zero counts as left censored values, may yield credibility intervals that undercover the true bactericidal activity of anti‐TB drugs. We therefore recommend that zero‐inflated NLME regression models should be fitted to CFU count on the original scale, as an alternative to conventional normal NLME regression models on the logarithmic scale.     

英汉回指对比与翻译研究——以《老残游记》为例

通过对《老残游记》中的人称代词、名词与动词的回指对比,分析出英语和汉语的回指特色:汉语的零回指使用频率远高于英语,英语则倾向于代词回指;汉语多重复,而英语则多省略与替代。针对这种差异,在英汉翻译中,译者需要平衡显化与隐化手法的使用,从而使译文符合译入语的语言特色与表达习惯。     

汉语中常见的指同手段——零照应及其在英汉互译中的处理

零照应(Zero Anaphora)是指在语句的连接中,本应出现的指同表达却被省略了,它是反映汉语特点的一种指同手段.零照应在汉语中的广泛使用是与汉语的"意境性"和"暗示力"强的特点分不开的.它的使用频率与语体性质、指称对象的性质、指称对象在句子中所承担的语法作用以及指称的连续性之间存在着密切的关系.相对于汉语,英语的逻辑性较强,因此在英汉互译时,应考虑到英语和汉语的不同特点,对一些指同表达做出相应的增加与删除.     

论语法偏离与修辞

偏离概念的引入对中国修辞学具有积极的意义,但并不是所有的偏离都是修辞,只有语言偏离（包括语音偏离、语义偏离、语法偏离）才是修辞。偏离有正、负之分,正偏离是修辞,负偏离则不是修辞。语法正偏离对于修辞有积极意义,但语法偏离要保持一定的“度”。语法与修辞的关系是互相依存、彼此制约的。     

名词短语省略的零形回指研究

许余龙教授的高可及性标示语原则对零形词回指显性的名词短语具有极高的概括力,但用该原则对汉语诗歌中的零形回指加以验证时,发现零形回指词回指的名词短语常有省略现象。通过深入分析这一现象,指出无形名词短语也可以充当回指语的先行词,当且仅当该名词短语的语义内容能够通过语境补全并具备成为篇章主题的条件。     

民间文化形态下的贫民视点——老舍小说文化批判原点的选择

老舍是民间社会的代言人,这样一种叙述身份确立了老舍的写作立场和写作姿态,因之而产生的贯穿于老舍整个文学创作过程中的那种贫民视点使得他的小说不仅仅具有了一种浓郁的"平民精神",而且更深层次地表达了其与"底层"人民的价值观和情感世界相融一致的"平等感"。也正是由于这种贫民视点,使得老舍能从新文化运动和西方文化的热潮中脱颖而出,造就了老舍小说独树一帜的文化批判性。     

论中医言语翻译的“归化”和“异化”

"归化"和"异化"的问题是一个文化翻译的重要问题.文章通过具体翻译例证,认为由于中医言语深蕴东方哲学思想,因此在可能的情况下,应尽量采用"异化"的原则和译法,以最大限度地保留中华医学的精髓和东方哲学的要旨.     

《经传释词》"所"释发疑

《经传释词》把“所”解释为“若”、为“可” ,如果仅从句法功能角度考察 ,结论自然正确 ,如果从篇章功能角度考虑 ,则还有很多不妥之处。并且认为 ,《经传释词》解释为“若”、“可”的“所” ,都可以用泛指指示代词来解释 ,它不仅具有句法上的功能 ,更具有篇章上的语义照应功能与标示主述位结构的作用     

"及其"中"其"的化石化过程

"及其"中的"其"原本主要回指前面的语法单位,起到连贯前后并列项,使后一并列项从形式上由无定到有定,由泛指(generic)到专指(specific)的作用.但是,一定的语境,使得"其"的回指变得可有可无,或因汉语的省略定势与节律阻止回指说,直至不能说有.由有回指到可有可无,到不好说有,到没有回指的过程,就是"其"的化石化(fossilization)过程.