The Taxonomy, Model and Message Strategies of Social Behavior

In an era of rising social awareness, both academics and practitioners have been concerned about the effectiveness of pro‐social consumer influence strategies. The main assumption here is that for social marketing to succeed one must first understand the factors underlying pro‐social consumer behavior. Firstly, drawing on two dimensions (i.e. the welfare receiver and restitution intention) the authors first identify four types of social behavior (altruism, compensation, reciprocity, and egoism). Next, the model describes social behavior as a result of preceding social behavior motivation and actual social behavior intention. Norms and economic evaluation have an impact on social behavior motivation, which in turn influences social behavior intention, eventually leading to actual social behavior. Actual control factors, such as the availability of resources and opportunities, decide whether social behavior intention can really translate into actual social behavior. Finally, authors propose message strategies (incorporating message appeal, message frame and central/peripheral processing) for each type of social behavior.     

Issue and crisis management: Quicksand in the definitional landscape

The broad field of public relations is plagued by difficulties of definition, none more problematic than the definitional challenges facing issue management and crisis management. After considering the need for commonly understood language as a basis for meaningful discourse, the paper identifies the particular reasons for ongoing ambiguity in issue and crisis management and charts some distinct approaches which have developed within each discipline. It then analyzes how these evolutionary changes are creating further difficulties for defining the interplay between the two, and identifies a more integrated process approach focused on characterizing clusters of activities.     

Classifying Revenue Management: A Taxonomy to Assess Business Practice*

As revenue management (RM) techniques evolve there is a need to take stock of how organizations practice RM and the interactions among techniques. This would help practitioners and researchers better understand how RM practice is influenced by the business setting, including those not traditionally associated with advanced RM techniques. Also, it would facilitate investigations of which practices lead to better outcomes in different contexts. Research to date has focused on individual techniques within individual business settings, with limited attention to the range of environments in which RM practice occurs. This suggests a need for a common framework to classify and assess differences in practice. In this article, we present a taxonomy which comprises (i) seven indicators of practice and (ii) a decision tree to measure RM across diverse businesses. We test the classification system in a survey of 232 businesses. Results show the taxonomy provides a comprehensive view of RM practice, with meaningful discrimination across settings. Findings also offer insight into how practices vary across different settings. Our taxonomy contributes to future research by facilitating systematic comparisons of RM practices, the settings in which it is adopted, and its impact on performance.     

评布卢姆认知目标分类学——以其知识与能力观为中心

布卢姆1956年的认知目标分类学从测量学出发,将"知识"界定为学生能够通过回忆提取出来的教材内容,将能力(智慧能力)界定为对学习材料进行理解、分析、综合等认知加工活动。2001修订的布卢姆认知目标分类学中的"知识"是指蕴含在教材内容中的人类认知的结果,外在的知识被学生掌握就转化为能力或智慧能力,能力水平从理解到运用、分析、评价和创造。修订的分类学为我们在课改中从教学目标、教学过程和教学评价三个方面处理好知识与能力的关系问题提供了一个良好范例。     

The orang utan is not an indigenous name: knowing and naming the maias as a decolonizing epistemology

ABSTRACT

Much of wildlife conservation literature and practices rely on euro-western nomenclature that are legacies of empire. Although seemingly neutral, the practice of (re)naming nature depends on political, philosophical, and social assumptions that encode top-down behaviour and governance in conservation practices. Indigenous communities’ processes of classifying nature are not recognized as valid and, as such, their conservation strategies are made invisible. If Indigenous knowledge is accounted for by contemporary conservation, it is often from a paradigm that focusses on ecological-scientific knowledge, rather than the complex inter-species relationships that Indigenous communities have with nature. As such, Indigenous communities are often perceived as a barrier or problem towards conservation, due to what is perceived as their lack of care for species of conservation interest. In this article, drawing on a kin study of maias conservation in Sarawak, I explore the power dynamics and tensions emerging within practice and discourses of conservation. In particular, I focus upon the struggles and negotiations in which conservation actors understand the orang utan, as they are commonly known in an international space, that overshadow the Iban ways of naming and knowing the orang utan as maias. Finally, I discuss the Iban classifications/names and relations with nature and how this affects different understandings of conservation.     

我国基于XBRL语言的网络财务呈报模型研究

网络和信息技术的逐渐完善使得电子商务环境下的财务呈报正朝着网络呈报的方向发展。本文在分析了现行网络财务呈报的局限性的基础上,提出了国际上许多国家正在研究的网络财务呈报语言XBRL,并分析了我国引入XBRL语言来呈报财务信息的必要性。最后针对财务呈报的现状,提出了我国上市公司基于XBRL语言的网络财务呈报模型。     

Problems of Taxonomy,Issues of Class,Citizenship, Consumption,and Avdot’ia Smirnova’s KoKoKo (2012)

Sundry discussions of Russian society by scholars, journalists, and politicians suffer from imprecise taxonomy, wielding labels such as middle class, civil society, and creative class in an automatic transfer of discursive categories long defining Western societies to one at increasing odds with numerous Western values. As various surveys by Russian sociologists have indicated, a ‘middle class’ and ‘civil society’ in the traditional sense do not exist in Russia. Moreover, even ‘the intelligentsia’, as historically defined, seems to have diminished, evaporated, or emigrated. Indeed, the incisive portrayal of contemporary Russian class distinctions in Avdot’ia Smirnova’s film KoKoKo (2012) exposes the impotence of the self-serving intelligentsia, contrasted to the vitality and drive of ‘the people’, who may be the only hope for Russia’s future – neither the radiant future fantasized by the Soviet Union nor the democratic future that seemed possible after perestroika, but one that meaningful resistance to the authoritarianism of Putin’s regime will need to elaborate step by painstaking step.     

中国文化史上的鸠摩罗什

中国佛教史上著名译师鸠摩罗什对于大、小乘教理,对于中国传统文化和风俗习惯均有深入了解,在此基础上他全面传译当时外来佛教大、小乘"三藏"重要典籍,符合中国学术"天下同归而殊途,一致而百虑"精神,有力地推进了中国佛教的发展及其"中国化"进程.他的译场更开创自由讲学之风,他的讲学纪录形成佛典义疏这一学术著述新体裁,他和他的弟子开始使用"教相判释"这一整理学术体系的方法,他所翻译经典达到高度艺术水平,这些不仅是佛教史上的巨大成就,对于拓展学术视野、丰富学术方法,对于推进整个文化发展都起了重大作用.     

模拟法庭改革路径探析

文章以布鲁姆分类学为理论依据对我国已有的模拟法庭教学改革路径进行分析,并在此基础上提出进一步完善我国模拟法庭教学的建议。