新中国成立以来中国共产党对十月革命的纪念与政治话语的建构

新中国成立以来,中国共产党因国家和社会现实需要,不同时期对十月革命的纪念与阐释呈现出不同的主题.社会主义革命与建设时期,中国共产党借十月革命表达了在社会主义建设、中苏关系协调、社会主义阵营的团结和世界和平的维护方面的政治诉求.改革开放后,十月革命的纪念又为中国特色社会主义道路的探索建构起双向话语支撑,既明确了中国改革的政治方向,又建构了中国特色的社会主义话语.中国共产党对十月革命的纪念与阐释呈现出反对历史虚无主义、坚持服务现实、彰显主体意识的鲜明特点.中国特色社会主义道路不仅仅是对十月革命道路的坚持和继承,更是在新的时代条件下以中国为本位对这一道路的发展与创新.站在新的历史方位,中国共产党强调应坚定不移走中国特色社会主义道路.     

Institutionalizing Counter‐Memories of the U.S. Civil Rights Movement: The National Civil Rights Museum and an Application of the Interest‐Convergence Principle

During the post–Reconstruction era in the United States, white southerners marked the cultural landscape with monuments and memorials honoring the Confederate cause and its heroes. These racialized symbols enjoyed an undisputed claim to public squares and parks throughout the South. It was not until the late twentieth century that commemorations to the black freedom struggle were publicly supported. This analysis examines the institutionalization of counter‐memories of the civil rights movement in Memphis, Tennessee at the Lorraine Motel, the site of the assassination of Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The author draws on collective memory, cultural trauma, and social movements research as well as critical race theory to explain the creation of the National Civil Rights Museum. Using primary and secondary data sources the author examines how social memory agents, a changing political culture, and the passage of time mediated the cultural trauma of King's assassination and influenced the institutionalization of oppositional collective memories. Relying on Derrick Bell's interest‐convergence principle, the author concludes that the creation of this major memorial museum was a result of the convergence of white and black interests, specifically the economic and political interests of white elites and the cultural and political interests of black symbolic entrepreneurs.     

代代相传：祭祖与祭孔的血缘性与非血缘性传统

中国传统中最重要的一种传承,便是血缘性的传承,所谓天地之道肇端于夫妇,一阴一阳之谓道,便是指此。殷周以后,血缘成形为宗法制度,所蔚成之氏族、宗族、宗庙、祖庙、太庙等,都是以血缘性为基础的传承,这是中国文化源远流长的传统中一条重要的主轴。另一条重要的主轴,形成较晚,从孔子开始。孔子被后世称之为素王、宣尼公、文宣王、尼父、大成至圣、先师,不论为公、为王、为圣、为师,为殷汤后、为文化垂统之征,都是指其在文化的周道既衰中,将文化的精义在授徒中传递下来,因而开启了一种中国式的非血缘性文化垂传授受之传统。而师生的传递是一种非血缘性的传承,师生关系便成为中国文化中文化性、精神性的一种特殊性格与结构。没有这种师生的学习与传授,中国文化便不会绵绵不绝、源远与流长。祖先与子孙,是血缘性的;而文化传递,却是师生的、非血缘性的。     

House-building tradition of the shtetl in memorials and memories (based on materials of field studies in Podolia)

This study examines house-building traditions in the Podolian shtetl, as evidenced by surviving buildings and by the folk memory of building practices. Using oral sources, taken from extensive field research in Ukraine, the study considers the extent to which members of remaining Jewish communities in the former Pale of Settlement function as “carriers” of this folk memory, and what they can tell us about the manner in which Jewish houses in the shtetl were constructed and their meaning as socio-cultural spaces.     

Living up to the father: The national identity prescriptions of remembering Atatürk; his homes,his grave,his temple

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's commemoration in Turkey often reminds Western observers of a personality cult. Looking at national identity-narratives emerging from the stage-management of his homes and final resting place, this article argues that ‘Atatürk’ has become shorthand for Turkish national identity and his commemoration represents, as a result, much more than a personality cult. Moreover, I show that although the sites in question provide the state with an excellent tool for national socialisation, they also reflect shared national assumptions and cherished symbols. Commemoration entails a sense of safety and protection, but also a warning against straying from Atatürk's path and legacy that have, after all, stood the test of time.     

Book Reviews

Residents of the Isle of Man have long sought to retain close social, cultural and economic ties with Great Britain while simultaneously stressing their own distinctive national identity. The manner by which the Manx have commemorated their participation in the Second World War is indicative of this tension. This article argues that one means by which a distinctive Manx identity has been retained is by highlighting subtle differences from supposedly common experiences in British and Manx history through how they have been commemorated. Thus, in their treatment of the internment of ‘enemy aliens’ on the Isle of Man during the Second World War, Manx heritage sites and commemorative practices have incorporated an element of home front experience that is marginalized and deliberately ignored in the United Kingdom.     

天津报刊对鲁迅逝世的多维呈现

鲁迅逝世后,《大公报》《益世报》《庸报》等天津报刊对有关鲁迅的纪念活动进行了全方位的报道,并组织编辑了系列纪念文章缅怀鲁迅先生的成就和贡献。这些报道和纪念文章视角多样,立场也多有不同,从公共意义到个体价值,从中国作家到世界文豪,从现实情感到精神更新,呈现出了一个多维度、立体化的鲁迅形象。     

Inside the Museum: Nothing is going to change? Adaptation of the Jewish Pre-Burial House in Gliwice

This article discusses the architectural conversion of the historical Gliwice Pre-Burial House into the Museum of Upper Silesian Jews. It describes the former function of the building in the context of the specific history of Upper Silesian Jews, the Haskalah movement, and funeral rites in Judaism. The main part of the paper is devoted to the presentation of the architectural design and the functional division of the planned museum as proposed by the architectural collective that the author is part of. Special attention is given to a discussion of the conceptual framework of the design which tries to reveal the continuity of unformatted architectural memory. The features of proposed design, such as the central installation of The Cloud, merge commemorative aspects with new functions related to hosting public events and historical display. In this way, the design negotiates between remembrance of the Jewish community and the needs of the new inhabitants and users of the space. Thus, the paper contributes to the larger discussion about the adaptation of former Jewish facilities for new public functions.     

Commemorating Narratives of Violence: The Yitzhak Rabin Memorial Day in Israeli Schools

Based on an analysis of ceremonies in thirty Israeli schools, this article focuses on the way in which the Israeli educational system grappled with the problematic narrative of Yitzhak Rabin's assassination, a narrative that challenged the system's basic assumptions about commemorative logic. The challenge was met by playing with the narrative's multiple frames of meaning (protagonist, act, and context). Rabin's image and biography were elevated and nearly sanctified, while the assassination itself was individualized and the context in which it occurred was de-politicized and virtually bypassed. Thus, the commemoration of even a problematic narrative of political violence could be held on school premises, where it could meet the challenge of enhancing unity and proud national identity. Even events that are not heroic, even shameful, and which do not enjoy a consensus can be reframed in a consensual manner.     

From the ‘crevices in dominant memories’: virtual commemoration and the 1984 anti-Sikh violence

Dominant collective memories around the anti-Sikh violence of 1984 are mostly dichotomous. The official state memories of 1984 are replete with omissions about the attack on Sikhs and several human rights violations. On the other hand, the counter-mobilisations that developed in the aftermath of 1984 are largely focused on the demand for a separate state of Khalistan. I problematise these dichotomous framings by examining what I call present-day ‘virtual commemorative crevices’. I suggest that these crevices are transnational, sacred or set-apart and liminal fissures in hegemonic memories and institutionalised forms of commemoration. I examine eight websites focusing on 1984 and the role of the Sikh diaspora in disrupting older temporal fixities and spatially rooted narratives. Virtual fissures mark a subtle, but significant shift from polarised hegemonic narratives to a more differentiated, future-oriented activism.