医疗侵权中的因果关系——英美侵权行为法视角下的分析

因果关系的认定是医疗侵权案件中的一个难点.文章引用二分法的因果关系理论将因果关系分为事实上的因果关系和法律上的因果关系两个层次,认为对于医疗侵权纠纷,应根据不同的侵权形态,在事实因果关系的认定上分别适用必要条件原则、实质要素原则和"错失机会"原则;在法律因果关系的认定上适用限制性可预见说,并应该充分考虑介入原因、取代原因和政策因素.     

竹简《文子》"天王"考

关于《文子》中“平王”的身分,自古以来,说法不一。通过检对八角廊《文子》简文,我们发现其中保留有两处“天王”的记载,通过对“天王”一词的考证发现,简文中的“天王”是文子对谈话对方的称呼用语。《文子》中的“平王”应是周平王宜臼。     

西部大开发要树立新的价值观

我国的西部大开发正处在由传统的工业文明向着一种全新的文明转变之际,树立新的价值观,走经济效益、生态效益、社会效益相统一的协调发展路线,这是我国西部经济社会可持续发展的必然抉择。     

澳大利亚联邦运动研究综述

19世纪澳大利亚联邦运动是澳大利亚民族国家形成和社会转型中的重大事件。它是英国的文化传统与澳大利亚社会现实相结合的产物,体现出澳大利亚现代化发展的属性与特征。本文叙述了澳大利亚联邦运动的研究概况,列举了澳大利亚联邦运动研究中的几个主要的争论性问题及其澳大利亚、英国和新西兰学术界的主要观点。     

Families of Hadamard group divisible designs

By a family of designs we mean a set of designs whose parameters can be represented as functions of an auxiliary variable t where the design will exist for infinitely many values of t. The best known family is probably the family of finite projective planes with υ = b = t² + t + 1, r = k = t + 1, and λ = 1. In some instances, notably coding theory, the existence of families is essential to provide the degree of precision required which can well vary from one coding problem to another. A natural vehicle for developing binary codes is the class of Hadamard matrices. Bush (1977) introduced the idea of constructing semi-regular designs using Hadamard matrices whereas the present study is concerned mostly with construction of regular designs using Hadamard matrices. While codes constructed from these designs are not optimal in the usual sense, it is possible that they may still have substantial value since, with different values of λ₁ and λ₂, there are different error correcting capabilities.     

A quest for certain linear spaces on thirty points

We investigate the structure of linear spaces on 30 points which have no lines of sizes 2, 3, 6, 30.     

Binary-image restoration

We consider the problem of binary-image restoration. The image being restored is not random, and we make no assumption about the nature of its contents. The estimate of the colour at each site is a fixed (the same for all sites) function of the data available in a neighbourhood of that site. Under this restriction, the estimate minimizing the overall mean squared error of prediction is the conditional expectation of the true colour given the observations in the neighbourhood of a site. The computation of this conditional expectation leads to the formal definition of the local characteristics of an image, namely, the frequency with which each pattern appears in the true unobserved image. When the “true” distribution of the patterns is unknown, it can be estimated from the records. The conditional expectation described above can then be evaluated using the estimated distribution of the patterns, and this procedure leads to a very natural estimate of the colour at each site. We propose two unbiased and consistent estimates for the distribution of patterns when the noise is a Gaussian white noise. Since the size of realistic images is very large, the estimated pattern distribution is usually close to the true one. This suggests that the estimated conditional expectation can be expected to be nearly optimal. An interesting feature of the proposed restoration methods is that they do not require prior knowledge of the local or global properties of the true underlying image. Several examples based on synthetic images show that the new methods perform fairly well for a variety of images with different degrees of colour continuity or textures.     

试论赵武灵王的胡服改革

赵武灵王的胡服改革是战国中期在赵国上演的一场富国强兵的改革。武灵王以改变军事为切入点，胡服骑射，移风易俗，富国强兵；使用教化方法以理服人，渐次推行，过程长，代价小。武灵王提供了循次渐进的温和的改革模式，具有深刻的借鉴意义。     

福建顺昌“齐天大圣”资料判读——兼评王益民先生的“孙悟空生于顺昌”说

通过对数年前在福建顺昌所发现的有关"齐天大圣"资料的重新考证和分析研判,在充分肯定其价值和功不可没的基础上,以全新的资料研究和考据诠释,对王益民先生公布的"研究成果"中的诸多不适之处提出质疑,指出那种据此断言"孙悟空祖籍福建"或"孙悟空是顺昌人"的认定是一次远离其应有价值而充满误读误判的炒作,隐含了严重的负面效果.     

"大同"、"小康"与"全面建设小康社会"--"小康"思想探源及其当代意蕴

为了消除长期以来人们对"小康"的误解和轻视,文章力图回到"小康"思想的源头--<礼记·礼运>,考察古代"小康"思想的横向结构与纵向逻辑,并以此为鉴,阐明当前的"全面建设小康社会",不仅是一个包含经济、政治、文化等多方面内容的有机整体,而且是一个承前启后的发展过程,从而展现"小康"思想的当代意蕴.