布什政府对美国中东政策的调整和再调整

“9·11”事件后,布什政府大幅度调整其中东政策。出乎意料的是,调整后的政策给美国制造了许多困难和麻烦,遭到广泛的批评和抵制。美在中东逐步陷入困境。为摆脱困境,布什政府被迫再次调整政策,但又进退两难,无法找到两全之策。     

浅谈教育在消费活动中的几种功能

教育消费是人类最普遍的最基本的消费。教育在消费活动中的功能有 :增值功能 ,表现为消费能力的提高 ;导向功能 ,它使消费者学会消费 ,形成正确的消费心态及观念 ;调节功能 ,表现为消费范围及其比例 ,促进消费结构的合理化。     

The generalized kullback-leibler divergence and robust inference

This paper examines robust techniques for estimation and tests of hypotheses using the family of generalized Kullback-Leibler (GKL) divergences. The GKL family is a new group of density based divergences which forms a subclass of disparities defined by Lindsay (1994). We show that the corresponding minimum divergence estimators have a breakdown point of 50% under the model. The performance of the proposed estimators and tests are investigated through an extensive numerical study involving real-data examples and simulation results. The results show that the proposed methods are attractive choices for highly efficient and robust methods.     

城乡居民基本养老保险待遇调整方案的优化与选择

科学可持续的调待政策是城乡居民适度养老保险待遇的可靠保障。通过设计五种不同路径的调待方案,在现行政策的基础上构建城乡居民养老保险精算模型,从目标替代率、基金平衡性、缴费积极性、受益最大化等多维度对以上方案作比较并详细阐述各方案的优劣,研究结果表明差异化的调待方案有利于实现多维度目标的最优化整合。基于实证分析得出的建议是在财政补助固定的情况下,应构建差异化的待遇调整机制;此外,为保证基金短期和长期平衡,地方政府应加大对个人账户的补贴。     

结构调整是大兴安岭加快发展的必由之路

大兴安岭从 1 964年开发建设以来 ,由于走的是一条单一资源型经济发展之路 ,经济结构极为单一 ,导致出现林缘退缩、资源枯竭、生态恶化 ,所承担的东北、内蒙古地区的天然屏障作用受到影响。大兴安岭要摆脱困境 ,就必须顺应世界范围内的结构调整和产业升级浪潮 ,以及我国和黑龙江省加快结构调整的形势 ,加快经济结构调整的步伐 ,全面实现生态发展战略 ,依托资源 ,面向市场 ,依靠科技 ,发挥比较优势 ,树立新的资源观、市场观、开发观、发展观、调整观、优势观 ,坚持跳出林业发展林业 ,构造 1 2大支柱产业 ,以结构的大调整促进经济的大发展     

星级饭店步入调整期后的发展分析--以南宁市为例

我国星级饭店的发展由扩张期转入调整期后，行业的优胜劣汰日益明显，竞争力成为企业生存与发展的关键因素。通过对南宁市星级饭店的发展现状进行分析，发现在调整期尽管星级饭店的数量减少了，但整体质量却有所提高。然而，南宁市星级饭店目前还存在着以价格竞争为主、产品质量竞争能力较差、品牌竞争意识不强等问题，企业竞争力较弱。对此，南宁市星级饭店应通过差异化经营、提升产品质量、实施品牌战略等措施增强市场竞争能力，获得良好的市场效益。     

Adjustment with three continuous variables

Correlation is not causation. Spurious association between X and Y may be due to a confounding variable W. Statisticians may adjust for W using a variety of techniques. This article presents the results of simulations conducted to assess the performance of these techniques under various, elementary, data-generating processes. The results indicate that no technique is best overall and that specific techniques should be selected based on the particulars of the data-generating process. Here, we show how causal graphs can guide the selection or design of techniques for statistical adjustment. R programs are provided for researchers interested in generalization.     

Adjustment strategies revisited: Agricultural change in the Welsh Marches

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, much attention was paid by British agricultural geographers to the restructuring of the farm sector under pressures of national, European and global change. The need to adopt a perspective capable of looking beyond the farm gate inspired the introduction of modified political economy approaches into agricultural research. One important cornerstone of the empirical application of this thesis was the concept of the ‘farm adjustment strategy’. This attempted to map out the responses, especially those of survival, made by farm family businesses to rapidly changing agrarian conditions. Subsequently, the farm adjustment strategy became remarkable for its popularity as a way to organise research into agricultural change in developed market economies. Following a retreat in the 1990s, there has been something of a recent revival in the use of the term ‘strategy’ relating to agricultural adjustment. Revisiting this concept is therefore timely. Using empirical evidence from studies of farming change in the Welsh Marches, this paper examines two issues. First, it makes a critical re-examination of the concept to resolve differences with interpretation linked to theoretical perspectives so that future misuse can be minimised. Second, an attempt is made to assess the relevance of defined elements of farm adjustment strategies to analyses of farm business change. In so doing, there is an attempt to recover our knowledge of agrarian restructuring and to help situate newly encultured investigations into the likely survival of family labour-based forms of production.     

结构调整与环境保护--香格里拉可持续发展问题研究

对于香格里拉在"十五"期间及今后更长远的发展时期来说,既要相当注重生态环境的保护,又要使经济发展有较大起色.这一矛盾问题的解决,必须靠结构调整来完成.实施的依据是什么?具体做法如何?针对当地实际,本文就此阐述.     

The African Development Bank and women’s health: A cross-national analysis of structural adjustment and maternal mortality

We conduct a cross-national analysis to test the hypothesis that African Development Bank (AfDB) structural adjustment lending adversely impacts maternal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. We analyze data for thirty-five Sub-Saharan African nations with up to four time points (1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005) with generalized least squares random effects regression models and modified two-step Heckman models that correct for potential endogeneity regarding whether or not a Sub-Saharan African nations receives an AfDB structural adjustment loan. We find support for our hypothesis that indicates that Sub-Saharan African nations that receive an AfDB structural adjustment loan tend to have higher levels of maternal mortality than Sub-Saharan African nations that do not receive such a loan. This finding remains stable even when controlling for endogeneity. We conclude by talking about the theoretical and methodological implications along with possible directions for future research.