奥巴马政府中东战略中的伊朗政策调整

2009年1月20日巴拉克·奥巴马出任美国新一任总统后,为摆脱美国在中东的战略困境,巩固美国在中东地区的领导地位,对于前任乔治·w·布什政府的伊朗政策进行了调整。鉴于之前美国一味打压伊朗的政策收效甚微,奥巴马政府更加倾向于使用外交手段来处理伊朗问题。由于各种因素的限制,奥巴马政府的伊朗外交处于“有进展、难突破”的状态。本文试就奥巴马政府中东战略中的伊朗政策调整进行分析。     

Change in VA Community Living Centers 2004–2011: Shifting Long-Term Care to the Community

The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is facing pressures to rebalance its long-term care system. Using VA administrative data from 2004–2011, we describe changes in the VA’s nursing homes (called Community Living Centers [CLCs]) following enactment of directives intended to shift CLCs’ focus from providing long-term custodial care to short-term rehabilitative and post-acute care, with safe and timely discharge to the community. However, a concurrent VA hospice and palliative care expansion resulted in an increase in hospice stays, the most notable change in type of stay during this time period. Nevertheless, outcomes for Veterans with non-hospice short and long stays, such as successful discharge to the community, improved. We discuss the implications of our results for simultaneous implementation of two initiatives in VA CLCs.     

HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATOR FELT NEEDS FOR INTERORGANIZATIONAL COOPERATION AND ACTUAL COOPERATIVE OUTCOMES BY THEIR HOSPITALS

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the determinants of interorganizational cooperation among hospitals. Hospital administrator felt needs for programs of interhospital cooperation and actual cooperative outcomes by their hospitals are examined. A combination of survey and archival data is used to test several research hypotheses. Results support separating the interorganizational activities of hospitals into those related to medical and those related to ancillary service areas. Felt needs to cooperate in both service areas are influenced by administrators' concerns for hospital autonomy and image in interorganizational relations. Perceived availability of cooperation partners affects felt needs to cooperate only in the area of medical services. Actual levels of cooperative activity in medical services are related to perceived manpower resource scarcity, historical levels of cooperation, and concerns for hospital image in interorganizational relations. In ancillary services, actual levels of cooperation were related to perceived financial resource scarcity, historical levels of cooperation, and perceived availability of cooperation partners. Felt needs to cooperate were not associated with actual cooperative outcomes in either service area. The results contain implications for future research into the decision processes that give rise to interorganizational relationships of cooperation.     

Capacity Management in Health Care Services: Review and Future Research Directions*

Health care has undergone a number of radical changes during the past five years. These include increased competition, fixed-rate reimbursement systems, declining hospital occupancy rates, and growth in health maintenance organizations and preferred provider organizations. Given these changes in the manner in which health care is provided, contracted, and paid for, it is appropriate to review the past research on capacity management and to determine its relevance to the changing industry. This paper provides a review, classification, and analysis of the literature on this topic. In addition, future research needs are discussed and specific problem areas not dealt with in the previous literature are targeted.     

价格管制、行政垄断及利益集团的博弈——中国转型时期蚕茧价格管制的原因分析

中国转型时期,在大多数农产品价格逐渐放开的同时,蚕茧、烟草等农产品的价格一直受到政府管制。为了达到控制农产品价格的目的,政府还不得不把对价格的管制,扩大到对产品流通乃至整个产业经营和流通的管制。本文对中国转型时期蚕茧价格管制的分析表明,蚕茧价格管制的实质是行政垄断,而行政垄断的原因在于转型过程中政府、企业与农民之间的博弈及其结果。     

À la recherche d’une politique biomédicale en France : chronique d’une réforme inaboutie en cancérologie

This article proposes to explore research administration practices in the analysis of the spread of biomedicine in France. This approach, combined with an analytical positioning inspired by the sociology of organisations, brings an additional element to conventional approaches to biomedicine, since it helps to identify constraints other than those associated with the scientific and clinical practices themselves. Drawing on empirical observation of the development of contemporary policy on cancer research, we will show the crucial influence of the distribution of power between the different stakeholders involved in developing public processes for promoting biomedical practices.     

浅议我国医院全面预算考核管理

医院预算考核是政府有关部门对医院的服务功能、服务任务、绩效评价的综合考核，也是医院全面预算管理循环中的重要环节。本文通过探索建立医院预算考核管理体系，就预算的组织实施展开论述。     

Will the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Proposed Standards for Occupational Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica Reduce Workplace Risk?

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is developing regulations to amend existing standards for occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica by establishing a new permissible exposure limit as well as a series of ancillary provisions for controlling exposure. This article briefly reviews OSHA's proposed regulatory approach and the statutory authority on which it is based. It then evaluates OSHA's preliminary determination of significant risk and its analysis of the risk reduction achievable by its proposed controls. It recognizes that OSHA faces multiple challenges in devising a regulatory approach that reduces exposures and health risks and meets its statutory goal. However, the greatest challenge to reducing risks associated with silica exposure is not the lack of incentives (for either employers or employees) but rather lack of information, particularly information on the relative toxicity of different forms of silica. The article finds that OSHA's proposed rule would contribute little in the way of new information, particularly since it is largely based on information that is at least a decade old—a significant deficiency, given the rapidly changing conditions observed over the last 45 years. The article concludes with recommendations for alternative approaches that would be more likely to generate information needed to improve worker health outcomes.     

加强教学管理提高教学质量争创精品课程

精品课程建设是高等学校教学质量与教学改革工程的重要组成部分,《生物化学》作为一门十分重要的医学专业基础课程,面向医学院校所有学科和专业方向的学生开课。本文从加强教学管理,提高教学质量等方面探讨如何将《生物化学》课程建设成省级有特色的有影响的示范性网络课程。     

美国在1961-1963年老挝危机中的政策演变

为了控制东南亚和遏制苏联和中国 ,艾森豪威尔政府在援助的名义下对老挝进行了经济、政治上的大规模干涉 ,并扶持右翼政府上台 ,直接导致了老挝危机。接任的肯尼迪政府采取了老挝中立化的政策 ,并最终通过召开日内瓦会议政治解决了此次危机 ,在一定程度上突破了其前任的僵硬立场。通过对 1961年至 1963年美国对外关系文件的研究 ,可以揭示美国在老挝危机中政策的发展和转变过程