The Decline in American Trade Union Membership and the “Government Substitution” Hypothesis:A Review of the Econometric Literature

This paper reviews the empirical literature on the “Government Substitution” hypothesis. We focus our attention on the sample periods used, model specification, and econometric technique. The seminal piece on this topic is Neumann and Rissman (J Labor Econ 2:175–192, 1984) and to date there have been less than a handful of extensions beyond this initial investigation. By tracking the limited development of this hypothesis over time we are able to conclude that there is still an opportunity for additional empirical exploration in this area.

Mental Health of Non-gamblers Versus “Normal” Gamblers Among American Indian Veterans: A Community Survey

Goal This analysis was undertaken to assess the demographic and mental health characteristics of “normal” or non-problem gamblers versus non-gamblers in a representative community sample. Sample Study participants consisted of 557 North Central American Indian veterans. Data collection included a demographic and trauma questionnaire, a computer-based Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-III-R, and a treatment history algorithm. Findings Univariate analyses revealed that gamblers had greater social competence (i.e., higher education, living with a spouse) and higher lifetime psychiatric morbidity. Binary regression analysis revealed that, compared to non-gamblers, gamblers were older, more highly educated, and more apt to be married. More gamblers showed evidence for lifetime risk-taking as evidenced by Antisocial Personality Disorder and Tobacco Dependence. Conclusions Social achievement and disposable income function as prerequisites for “normal” gambling in this population, although “externalizing” or “risk-taking” disorders also serve as independent contributors to at least some gambling. The increased rate of “internalizing” or emotional disorders are only indirectly related to gambling, perhaps through increasing age or through the “externalizing” disorders.     

社会经济因素对高龄老年人临终前生活自理能力衰退过程的影响

以《中国老年人健康长寿影响因素调查》数据为基础,利用混合线性增长模型,分析了1998—2014年七期调查中已经死亡的老年人样本在临终前的生活自理能力变化轨迹,以及童年期、成年期和老年期的社会经济因素对其生活自理能力变化过程的影响。研究发现,这三个时期的社会经济因素会对老年人临终前的生活自理能力衰退过程产生直接和间接的影响。早期较差的社会经济状况会通过死亡的选择作用提高进入老年期个体的生活自理能力表现,这种机制不会影响个体的生活自理能力变化轨迹,但是会间接降低失能人群的照料成本;丰富的社会经济资源会通过改善老年个体的内在能力和功能表现发挥对生活自理能力的保护作用,这种保护作用可以降低老年人的失能风险和照料成本,也会增加失能人群的死亡风险和照料成本,多种机制的共同作用增加了老年人失能风险变化趋势的不确定性。     

社会性别视角下的农村留守女性生命史

在我国现代化进程中,不同生命周期的农村留守女性都在默默地承受着巨大的社会代价与压力。国家的经济社会重构和传统父权制的双重压制,剥夺了她们与男性平等的流动机会,还使其在家庭中承担了远远超越于传统性别规范所要求的多重角色。家庭生命周期中接替出现的再生产刚性需要,使她们一生都难以逃离不断被留守的命运:从孤独成长的留守女童,到孤独持家的留守妇女,再到孤独养老的留守老人。在其漫长而又短暂的生命史中,她们所遭遇的是一个孤独的留守人生。     

子女代际经济支持对农村老年人参与新农保的影响——基于CHARLS数据的实证分析

老龄化背景下,子女经济支持与新农保在农村养老中都发挥了重要作用,本文旨在分析子女对父母的经济支持对老年父母参与新农保的影响。主要采用中国健康与养老追踪调查数据库（CHARLS）,利用spss的交叉列联表相关检验功能检验了子女对父母的经济支持与农村老年父母参与新农保的相关关系。发现有无子女的经济支持以及经济支持的水平与父母是否参与新农保是显著相关的。子女的代际经济支持与参与新农保之间并不是非此即彼的替代关系,农村子女对父母的代际经济支持都会不同程度地“挤出”或“挤入”父母参与新农保。在鼓励参与新农保、提高待遇水平的同时更应注重家庭子女赡养的“反馈模式”,促进二者相互融合。     

英美生态文学的浪漫传统

愈演愈烈的生态危机使英美生态文学在20世纪生态思潮中得到迅猛发展。作为探寻自然和人的关系的一种独具特色的文学样式,英美生态文学有其源远的浪漫传统,回归自然是其永恒的主题和梦想。研究英美生态文学的浪漫传统,对生态文学和生态批评的发展具有重要意义。     

Sleep Behaviors in Older African American Females Reporting Nonmalignant Chronic Pain: Understanding the Psychosocial Implications of General Sleep Disturbance

This study examined factors that influence sleep quality in older African American women (N = 181) reporting chronic pain. Participants completed a series of questions assessing demographic and behavioral characteristics, health status, pain intensity, and sleep disturbance. Findings indicated that younger participants and those experiencing poorer physical functioning reported more difficulty sleeping due to pain. Similarly, participants who reported being awakened from sleep due to pain were younger and experienced greater pain intensity. Understanding the relationship between sleep and pain in this group of women may be useful in promoting effective disease management and sleep awareness among patients, caregivers, and healthcare professionals.     

Balance Training in Elderly Women Using Public Parks

This study evaluates the effects of a balance training program developed in public parks on functionality and general state of health in elderly women. It was a randomized controlled trial. Women older than 65 years (n = 28; 68.5 ± 2.9) participated in a balance training program that lasted 6 weeks, with sessions taking place twice a week (12 exercises/session, 50 min). Balance was analyzed by the Berg Balance Scale and Timed Up & Go Test. The generic health status was measured by the SF-12 Health Survey. These tests showed statistically significant differences in the experimental group (p < .05). Public parks are adequate installations for developing balance.     

Analysis on the Make-up of China＇s Disabled Seniors and the Demand for Long-term Care

According to Chinese Food Safety News, China Food and .Drug Administration has organized and formulated the Provisions on Food and Drugs Administrative Penalty Procedure （Hereinatter referred to as ＂the Provisions＂） to regulate tbod and drug administration departments toCarry out the administrative ptinisbment authority;     

《达摩流浪者》——杰克·凯鲁亚克的一本献给美国寒山的小说

在基于史料的基础上,从变异学角度论述垮掉派作家杰克·凯鲁亚克的半自传体虚构小说《达摩流浪者》是如何将中国唐朝诗僧寒山的神秘东方形象、《寒山诗》译者美国诗人加里·斯奈德与主人公贾菲·赖德合为一体的。通过文化迁移的作用,作者成功地将主人公赖德变异,塑造为小说中的美国垮掉派反主流文化的英雄偶像,从而使得现实中的斯奈德成为美国寒山的杰出代表,也使得这本小说不仅是作者献给中国寒山的书,也是一本献给美国寒山的书。