“文化大革命”期间党的指导思想存在着两个发展趋向吗?——评《论“文化大革命”期间党的指导思想的两个发展趋向》一文

"文化大革命"时期是一个大动乱的时期.这一全局性错误之所以会发生,并且延续十年之久,是由于毛泽东同志在指导思想上陷入了无产阶级专政下继续革命的泥淖之中难以自拔,而全党又自觉不自觉的接受了毛泽东的错误思想所致.这期间党的一些领导人包括毛泽东本人在内虽然也有一些正确的想法和做法,但都不能上升到指导思想高度去认识.事实上,整个十年文革期间也不存在一个与无产阶级专政下继续革命理论相对立的所谓正确的指导思想.所以,说"文化大革命"期间党的指导思想存在着两个发展趋向是难以成立的.     

从美国进步主义运动的领导主体看运动的特性

学术界在认识美国进步主义运动的性质方面迄今尚有分歧，存在着“旧中产阶级争夺权势说”、“企业主利益冲突说”、“城市新中产阶级价值观改造说”和“中产阶级文化重建说”等多种观点。然而对这一运动的中坚力量与领导成分的考察则表明，知识分子在运动的领导主体中，占据了相当大的比例，并发挥了先锋骨干作用。从这一角度来看，美国进步主义运动可以被界定为是一次由知识分子倡导的社会改革运动。     

试析美国高等教育中的学分制及其借鉴意义

学分制是美国高等教育系统中普遍使用的衡量高校学术工作的行之有效的手段。本文对学分制在美国高等教育体制中产生的历史、发展过程及应用的范围进行了分析、探讨, 并给予了客观的评价, 最后指出了它对于中国高等教育学术管理体制的借鉴意义, 并提出了几点个人的建议。     

African American family life in societal context: Crisis and hope

Since 1965 hundreds of articles and books have been published about African American families. Nevertheless, our understanding of these families continues to be limited. There is a tendency to gloss over important within-group differences; thus, monolithic, stereotypic and inaccurance portrayals of Black family life are common. This paper sets aside debates of Black family pathology or viability, focusing instead on these families' essential character. The paper seeks to understand Black families on their own terms, locating them in relevant social, historical, political and cultural contexts. Key empirical patterns and trends reveal dramatic changes in Black family geographic location, headship, quality of life and socioeconomic status since 1950.A complex picture is revealed. There has been gradual but steady overall improvement alongside persistent, extreme racial disparties and pronounced class disparities among Black families. The proposed Black Family Socio-Ecological Context model specifies and connects institutional, interpersonal, environmental, temporal and cultural facts that shape the essential character of Black family life in such a way as to produce characteristics simultaneously shared and idiosyncratic. The model also provides an organized, systematic accounting of research and public policy issues relevant to the study of African American families.An early version co-authored with Richard A. English was presented during the National Council on Family Relations Meetings in Portland, Oregon, October 1980.     

20世纪美国黑人大迁徙与南部三农问题之关系

南北战争后,美国南部长期面临农业生产方式落后、农民贫困、农村社会发展缓慢等三农问题。上述问题与南部的种族问题相互交织,加剧了南部社会的落后与黑暗。这其中,南部黑人受害最为深重,他们被迫大规模迁徙到美国其他地区。20世纪美国有两次黑人大迁徙的高潮,到20世纪70年代有600多万南部黑人迁徙。美国南部的三农问题是黑人大迁徙的经济原因,但黑人大迁徙又反过来推动了三农问题的解决,由此可见迁徙自由对于解决三农问题的重要意义。     

心态史视角下的孙宝琦与辛亥山东独立

辛亥革命时期,末任山东巡抚孙宝琦既效忠于清廷,又对革命党人持有恻隐,希望清廷与革命党人实现政治和解。但是,他面对省内的独立呼声和北方清廷的双重压力,无法从容转圜,从而陷入彷徨不定的心态纠结中。孙宝琦先是被迫宣布山东独立,当袁世凯指使第五镇反对独立后,孙宝琦即秉承袁世凯旨意,宣布取消独立。山东独立的波折造成了孙宝琦政治人格的分裂,使其长期受到负面评论,但是客观上却使山东避免了南北冲突的战火,因而应当予以充分理解。     

众语喧哗时代的平民化“交响乐”——解读电影《辛亥革命》

为纪念辛亥革命100周年而拍摄的电影《辛亥革命》,—改传统主旋律电影的套路,意识形态日趋淡化,叙事视角以小见大,审美权重多元均衡。这表明,我国主旋律电影其宏观意识形态和历史观点一直呈现出进步的态势。     

十月革命与中国共产党的初心构建

十月革命是影响世界历史进程的重大事件，中国共产党从来都把自己的事业看作是十月革命的继续。澄清唯心史观和历史虚无主义对十月革命的错误解读，对于补好理想信念的精神之钙具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。学习和借鉴十月革命的宝贵经验、坚持社会主义的前进方向、坚守共产主义的远大理想，共同构成了中国共产党初心的核心意蕴。     

Resilience in low-income African American women living and aging with HIV

Women are living with HIV into middle and older age and are likely to face multiple comorbidities and stressors as they age. This study focused on understanding how women who experience multiple forms of oppression and ongoing adversity are still able to adapt and stand strong. Using a theoretical framework of resilience and a feminist research ideology, interviews of eight middle-aged and older African American women living with HIV were analyzed. Despite experiences of HIV-related discrimination, trauma, and violence, these women demonstrated a remarkable ability to adapt and maintain support. Implications for research and practice are discussed.     

Self‐Construal,Career Decision Self‐Efficacy,and Perceived Barriers Predict Mexican American Women's Life Satisfaction

This study used the social cognitive theory of well‐being (SCTW; Lent, 2004 ) to examine the role of career decision self‐efficacy (CDSE), perceived educational barriers, and independent self‐construal on the life satisfaction of 176 Mexican American college women. A 3‐step hierarchical regression analysis indicated that independent self‐construal, CDSE, and fewer perceived educational barriers significantly predicted greater life satisfaction among Mexican American college women above and beyond the influence of socioeconomic status and generational status. These findings are consistent with SCTW and highlight the need for counselors and researchers to be aware of the role that self‐construal, CDSE, and perceived educational barriers can have on Mexican American women's life satisfaction. Implications for practice at the secondary‐school and university levels are discussed.