内蒙古地方本科院校应用型人才培养研究之二——应用型人才培养对策分析

本文在“内蒙古地方本科院校应用型人才培养研究之一——应用型人才培养现状调查”一文的基础上,通过理论研究从应用型人才的内涵、应用型人才培养的层次、本科应用型人才的特征、本科应用型人才的培养规格等方面进行了深入的理论阐释。对内蒙古地方本科院校应用型人才培养提出了深化理论研究,提高认识水平;完善设计方案,提高规划精度;狠抓实施过程,提高教学实效;强化保障措施,提高落实力度等对策建议。     

How Effect Size (Practical Significance) Misleads Clinical Practice: The Case for Switching to Practical Benefit to Assess Applied Research Findings

ABSTRACT

Relying on effect size as a measure of practical significance is turning out to be just as misleading as using p-values to determine the effectiveness of interventions for improving clinical practice in complex organizations such as schools. This article explains how effect sizes have misdirected practice in education and other disciplines. Even when effect size is incorporated into RCT research the recommendations of whether interventions are effective are misleading and generally useless to practitioners. As a result, a new criterion of practical benefit is recommended for evaluating research findings about the effectiveness of interventions in complex organizations where benchmarks of existing performance exist. Practical benefit exists when the unadjusted performance of an experimental group provides a noticeable advantage over an existing benchmark. Some basic principles for determining practical benefit are provided. Practical benefit is more intuitive and is expected to enable leaders to make more accurate assessments as to whether published research findings are likely to produce noticeable improvements in their organizations. In addition, practical benefit is used routinely as the research criterion for the alternative scientific methodology of improvement science that has an established track record of being a more efficient way to develop new interventions that improve practice dramatically than RCT research. Finally, the problems with practical significance suggest that the research community should seek different inferential methods for research designed to improve clinical performance in complex organizations, as compared to methods for testing theories and medicines.     

《雌性的草地》中沈红霞形象解析

《雌性的草地》中作为牧马班领导者的沈红霞理性坚毅的性格十分突出。结合文本,运用精神分析的方法,从外部环境、本我、超我等三方面阐释对沈红霞自我的影响和塑造,从而进一步揭示沈红霞这一形象从凡人到超人的蜕变过程。     

Post hoc procedures for planning and evaluation.

A model designed to isolate, in post hoc fashion, current program services is presented. Concepts from multidimensional scaling are united with program planning techniques to yield an approach which allows for the specification of the five basic dimensions of program (Clients, Problems, Services, Professionals, and Facilities). These five dimensions are also employed in priority setting procedures. Discussion of the application of the model in the field of program planning and evaluation is presented.     

Flexible working and organisational change: the integration of work and personal life

In a final large group session of a working conference in the Tavistock group relations tradition, members were concerned about who would get the consultants' 'blessing' as confirmation of their learning during the course of the conference. Some members referred to Jacob's fight at the river Jabbok and other parts of the Jacob legend from the Old Testament book of Genesis as a metaphoric frame to disentangle and explore their experiences. This concern mirrored a more general theme, which is as old as mankind - the theme of inheritance and succession. In this paper this theme will function as a frame for a broader exploration of the Jacob legend, the early development of psychoanalysis, the Tavistock tradition of group relations and the experience of organizational role holders in family businesses and other organizations. Instead of merely regarding inheritance and succession as a handing over, it will be postulated that assuming an inherited legacy requires a certain self-authorization on the part of the heir in order to own and further develop it. The capacity for containment of frustration and the ability to feel the pain of longing are requisites for ultimately taking up one's inheritance in the ongoing tradition of one's world.     

Extended and updated tables for the Friedman rank test

The Friedman's test is used for assessing the independence of repeated experiments resulting in ranks, summarized as a table of integer entries ranging from 1 to k, with k columns and N rows. For its practical use, the hypothesis testing can be derived either from published tables with exact values for small k and N, or using an asymptotic analytical approximation valid for large N or large k. The quality of the approximation, measured as the relative difference of the true critical values with respect those arising from the asymptotic approximation is simply not known. The literature review shows cases where the wrong conclusion could have been drawn using it, although it may not be the only cause of opposite decisions. By Monte Carlo simulation we conclude that published tables do not cover a large enough set of (k, N) values to assure adequate accuracy. Our proposal is to systematically extend existing tables for k and N values, so that using the analytical approximation for values outside it will have less than a prescribed relative error. For illustration purposes some of the tables have been included in the paper, but the complete set is presented as a source code valid for Octave/Matlab/Scilab etc., and amenable to be ported to other programming languages.     

Jack Michael,Behavior Analyst

Jack Michael was the quintessential behavior analyst. Despite his reputation as a theoretician and expert in verbal behavior and on Skinner’s book Verbal Behavior, Jack was actually an applied behavior analyst in the literal sense before anyone had coined the term. Prior to becoming one of Jack’s doctoral students at Western Michigan University, I was a behavior-analytic neophyte. After I graduated and began my own teaching (modeled after Jack’s behavior-analytic method of teaching) and thinking and writing about behavior analysis, I found myself talking and thinking like Jack. He had a similar behavior changing effect not only on many of his other students, but also on others who had the good fortune to know him.     

吸收能力：概念框架及其在研究中的应用

吸收能力是组织学习研究领域中的一个关键概念,自1990年以来已经被国内外学术界广泛使用。然而到目前为止,关于吸收能力的理论研究与应用还未得到国内学术界的足够重视。本文从吸收能力的定义、分析层面、影响因素和组织产出四个方面,对吸收能力的最新研究进展和概念框架进行了综述,并分析了吸收能力概念在有关研究中的应用,最后提出了进一步的研究建议。     

Individual economic agents in a macroeconomic model: UK companies in Cambridge MDM

This paper makes a case for disaggregating the company sector in economic policy modeling and reports the first attempt to construct projections for the U.K. company sector using individual company models. It outlines the disaggregated model and explores for each endogenous variable the type of improvement in modeling that disaggregation can offer. The scale of aggregation biases is demonstrated by comparing illustrative projections for the disaggregated model and for an aggregate counterpart model. These projections also suggest the areas of policy making to which the model can contribute.     

Short-term, population-based forecasting in the public sector

There has recently been a tremendous expansion of the range of problems to which the demographic perspective is applied. Development of a new population-based method to solve the problem of forecasting income assistance caseloads for the state of Washington represents yet another effort in which the demographic perspective helps solve two major public-policy problems: (1) providing accurate and useful forecasts of caseloads, and (2) creating a dynamic model with which to analyze alternative policy proposals. When forecasting or examining the caseload history, it is also common to look at these caseload levels as a time-series. A caseload grows and shrinks as time passes because new members enter the caseload from a population of potential clients while other members exit the caseload. Population-based forecasting, as reported here, is really quite a novel approach to forecasting public assistance caseloads. In most situations, simple extrapolations of past trends or econometric time-series models are used. Characteristics associated with entries and exits can be used to develop dynamic models of current and future caseload changes. For budgeting purposes, these models can be readily translated into average annual caseload levels and can be directly used to examine policy alternatives and programmatic options. Entry and exit rates and volumes can be related to historical, current, and anticipated changes in economic, social, and programmatic conditions to develop models of caseload behavior, and ultimately, forecasts of caseload levels that are used for budget development.