关丁我国新破产法之立法焦点问题的探讨

随着我国改革开放的进一步发展,特别是在市场经济体制的确立和深化之后,现行<破产法>的局限性及其缺陷日益显现出来.目前,我国<破产法>的修订工作正在进行,这项修改工作势必面临着诸多难题有待解决,鉴于破产法理论的浩瀚、中国破产实践问题的复杂性,本文就新"破产法"中设置的管理人制度、破产债权确认制度,这些在立法之中的焦点问题进行了探讨.     

DEA as a tool for predicting corporate failure and success: A case of bankruptcy assessment

Using an additive super-efficiency data envelopment analysis (DEA) model, this paper develops a new assessment index based on two frontiers for predicting corporate failure and success. The proposed approach is applied to a random sample of 1001 firms, which is composed of 50 large US bankrupt firms randomly selected from Altman's bankruptcy database and 901 healthy matching firms. This sample represents the largest firms that went bankrupt over the period 1991–2004 and represents a full spectrum of industries. Our findings demonstrate that the DEA model is relatively weak in predicting corporate failures compared to healthy firm predictions, and the assessment index improves this weakness by giving the decision maker various options to achieve different precision levels of bankrupt, non-bankrupt, and total predictions.     

债务人不能执行或不执行重整计划时的处置方式——《破产法》第93条第1款评析

依《破产法》第93条第1款规定,发生债务人不能执行或不执行重整计划之情事,其处置路径过于僵化,即仅限于消极式的终止执行并宣告债务人破产,对于债权人权益之维护缺乏必要的救济。另外,混淆终止重整计划执行的原因与破产原因,造成法律适用上的错误。上述立法模式不尽妥当,实有修正检讨之必要,应当对“不能执行”或“不执行”予以界定,视情形之不同而适用不同的处理方式,而非一体化的处理。其可能的处置方式包括:更换执行主体、延长重整计划执行期限、变更重整计划、强制执行、撤销重整计划、程序转换等。     

破产申请立法完善的探讨

现行破产立法中的种种缺陷,随着经济体制改革的深入和社会主义市场经济体制的逐步建立,日益凸显出来,债权人和债务人的合法权益不能得到有效保护,人民法院不能准确、及时审理破产案件。我国在修改破产法时就破产申请而言,应该准确定位政府在破产过程中的角色,扩大破产申请权人的范围,采用以申请主义为主、以职权主义为辅的原则。     

破产法程序结构之探究

我国2006年8月27日通过的《企业破产法》在程序设计上采取了与原来完全不同的设计思路,含有破产清算程序、和解程序与重整程序三个部分,三个部分有共同适用的内容,也有各自特别规定。这种程序制度设计在我国《企业破产法》上不仅涉及破产程序理念的提升,而且涉及制度基础的完善。     

The use of accounting anomalies indicators to predict business failure

Most of the studies that try to predict business failure assume that accounts give a true and fair view of the financial position of a company, without considering that managers can discretionarily apply accounting rules or even perform accounting fraud. This paper takes a set of financial ratios especially designed to detect accounting anomalies as bankruptcy predictors. These ratios are not very common in bankruptcy prediction studies, but they come from creative accounting studies. The ratios try to identify abnormal depreciation figures, exaggerated receivables or deteriorating financial conditions preceding aggressive accounting practices. The empirical study has been performed from a sample of 51,337 public and private European companies, during the period 2012–2016. The analysis techniques applied were logistic regression and decision trees, allowing to obtain rules to predict the status of failed or non-failed. It is found that several indicators proposed in the literature as earnings management indicators present statistically significant differences between failed and non-failed firms, but they do not have enough predictive power to incorporate them into prediction models. However, an index developed to measure accounting anomalies exhibits high discriminatory power, similar to that of the classical financial ratios. The construction of the index and its application to private firm sample provide the main contribution of the paper, as the results suggest slightly better forecast accuracy only for the private firm sample. The inclusion of indicators to detect accounting anomalies should be considered when developing new models to predict bankruptcy, especially in private companies.     

破产能力探究

我国1986年《破产法》仅规定国有企业法人可以破产,与现代国际破产制度存在很大差异。破产能力的规定直接涉及到破产法的适用范围,通过对各国和地区破产能力的立法考察,建议在新的破产立法中应当实行一般破产主义,扩大具有破产能力的主体范围,充分发挥破产法的社会功能。     

破产制度价值研究

当商业文明发展到债务的财产责任与人身责任相分离的阶段，破产制度应运而生。公平清偿债权人是破产制度从传统的债务制度中衍生出来的根本原由，是破产制度天然的价值。随着公平理念的变化。破产制度的公平又从仅仅对债权人的公平发展成为对债权人和债务人实行相平衡的公平，破产制度从而进入了现代商业文明阶段。在这一演变过程中，效率观念发挥着不可低估的作用。正是由于人们对效率的追求，它才成为债权人与债务人相平衡的支点，也使得公平和效率价值在破产法律制度中得以结合。     

Predictors of Chapter 13 Completion Rates: The Role of Socioeconomic Variables and Consumer Debt Type

This study examined whether demographic or financial variables best predict completion of Chapter 13 bankruptcy plans. Multinomial logistic regression revealed that demographic variables were more important than financial variables in predicting completion. Completion of a Chapter 13 repayment plan was not associated with a debtor’s monthly income or expenses. Never married debtors, dependent children, a previous filing, and higher mortgage arrears increased the likelihood of dismissal. Longer job tenure and home ownership improved completion rates. Discharge was associated with higher unsecured debts. Results can help improve Chapter 13 completion rates. Debtors need guidance in setting up realistic repayment plans. Financial counselors could help ensure that repayment plans are feasible and to counsel debtors who miss a plan payment.