MULTIPLE-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING INCLUDING QUALITATIVE FACTORS: THE POST-MODEL ANALYSIS APPROACH

As a method of solving multiple-criteria decision making problems with a single quantitative objective and multiple qualitative objectives, the post-model analysis (PMA) approach is proposed. The essence of PMA is to support the trade-offs between a quantitative objective and multiple qualitative objectives so that the decision maker can find a perceived most preferred nondominated solution. To this end, the optimal solution of a quantitative model is found first, without regard for qualitative factors. The solution is then evaluated in terms of qualitative objectives. When the initial quantitatively optimal solution is adjusted to allow improvement of qualitative goals, opportunity costs of achieving qualitative goals are incurred. In this process, an expert system and/or graphical display can be used. PMA therefore provides a way to incorporate quantitative models into knowledge-based expert systems.     

Specialization and happiness in marriage: A U.S.–Japan comparison

This paper examines the relationship between specialization and happiness in marriage in the U.S. and Japan. Our findings, based on the General Social Surveys in the U.S. and Japan, indicate both similarities and differences in the determinants of marital happiness in the two countries. In the U.S., the findings are mixed. Women’s reported marital happiness in the U.S. is more likely to follow the predictions of the bargaining model where their happiness is determined by their own income. Men’s marital happiness in the U.S. follows the predictions of the specialization model; they are happier if their wives are not working or, alternatively, if they are financially dependent on their wives. In Japan, we find support for the specialization model, particularly in the case of women; they are happier if they are specialized in the household and they have a higher household income. Our research highlights how marital quality is affected by the institutional context and the normative environment.     

试析在刑事诉讼中移植辩诉交易的可行性

英美法系国家刑事诉讼中施行已久的辩诉交易制度对缓减控辩双方的诉讼冲突、实现社会的法律控制方面起了巨大的作用。在分析研究的基础上 ,借鉴移植这一制度是现实的、可行的 ,它能带领我国正在进行的刑事诉讼制度改革走出困境。     

Intra-Couple Wealth Inequality: What’s Socio-Demographics Got to Do with it?

Existing literature shows that on average and across countries, men have higher levels of wealth than women. However, very little is known about the gender-specific wealth gap within couples. This paper studies this phenomenon for the first time in Austria. The particular focus of the paper is on the relationship between the socio-demographic characteristics of the couple and the couple’s gender wealth gap. We focus on how age, education, marital status, fertility, migratory background, and the gender of the respondent are related to the wealth gap within a couple. In both bivariate and multivariate analyses, we find evidence in support of the hypothesis that bargaining power plays an important role in the intra-couple gender wealth gap in Austria. Immigrant women living in a couple with native men, and, among natives, couples in which the man is much older on average, have larger gender wealth gaps. Furthermore, couples in which the woman is the “financially most knowledgeable person” in the household have consistently lower gender wealth gaps.     

“诉辩交易”理论研究与实践述评

研究表明,诉讼效率的提高、诉讼风险的降低、现实主义的公正观、“坦白从宽”的刑事政策等使诉辩交易的确立既有必要也有可能。诉辩交易既有实现司法主权和更高层次的社会利益的利处,也有重口供、难以充分保障被害人的利益、引发权钱交易等弊端。如何根据我国的司法制度与实践界定符合我国公认需要的诉辩交易尚待进一步探讨,而国内“诉辩交易”第一案及国内涉外“诉辩交易”第一案的实践为进一步研究诉辩交易制度提供了契机。     

美国辩诉交易制度的概念、适用规则及评价

当前,《刑事诉讼法》又面临新一轮的修改,辩诉交易制度的引进和移植再次成为国内 法学界关注的焦点。辩诉交易制度作为美国现代刑事司法中最具特色的制度之一,之所以能在美 国生根发芽,有其存在的合理性,但作为一种新型的司法制度,其弊端表现得也较为突出,其成 败得失均可为我国的刑事诉讼立法提供参考。     

美国劳动法上的雇主信息提供义务及其启示

关于雇主信息提供义务的规定在我国劳动法上迄今尚未完善。对这一问题的真正解决，有赖于对雇主信息提供义务的性质、范围和判断基准的完整理解。基于这种方法论上的考虑，本文从雇主提供信息义务的正当依据——“实质有用性”和“相关性”标准，以及雇主的抗辩理由——“秘密性”标准两个角度入手，透过对美国劳动法上雇主信息提供义务法制的的比较观察，勾勒出雇主信息提供义务程序结构的完整轮廓。在实际中，需要对工会维护劳动者合法权益的职责利益，以及因信息披露而遭受侵害的雇主合法权益二者进行利益衡量，才能最终确定雇主是否具有提供信息的义务。     

Group Buying,Buyer Heterogeneity,and Sellers' Bargaining Power*

Group buying enables collective bargaining opportunity that individual buyers lack to negotiate prices with sellers. This potential negotiation capability has two opposing effects. On the one hand, the prospect of the group being able to negotiate price with its rival forces each seller to lower its price offer, as too high a price will induce the group to give its rival an opportunity to undercut its price via negotiation, likely taking away all the buyers. On the other hand, the potential negotiation opportunity may also discourage sellers from competing aggressively in their price offers, as the benefit of charging a low price could be offset by competitors in negotiation, thus yielding overall higher prices for the buyers. In this study, we find that compared to individual purchase, buyers benefit from collective bargaining opportunity by group buying only if sellers’ bargaining power relative to the buyer group is low and/or buyers’ preferences toward the sellers are sufficiently differentiated. Given buyers’ strategic choice of group purchase, sellers may be worse off with a further increase in bargaining power, and so may social welfare.     

集体协商：“民工荒”背景下农民工权益保障的现实路径

缓解当前的＂民工荒＂,首先需要加强对农民工合法权益的保护,笔者认为将集体协商制度的覆盖面落实到农民工群体是一条可行路径。为此,首先需要培育农民工劳动力市场,将市场调节作为集体协商运作的经济基础;其次加强政府对农民工集体协商的宏观指导,为农民工参与集体协商制度提供政策、法规保障;第三要培育规范的谈判主体,使谈判双方主体的地位对等。     

Public vs. Private Offers in the Market for Lemons

We study the role of observability in bargaining with correlated values. Short‐run buyers sequentially submit offers to one seller. When previous offers are observable, bargaining is likely to end up in an impasse. In contrast, when offers are hidden, agreement is always reached, although with delay.