To be or not to be: Control and balancing of type I and type II errors

The various costs of Type I and Type II errors of inference from data are discussed. Unfortunately, other things equal, Types I and II errors are inversely related. Six methods of minimizing Type I error in studies are presented, each of which may be employed even after data are collected. Type II errors may also be minimized by a combination of study design and analytic means. Although some of these techniques must be built into the study others can be undertaken when beginning work on a data set. Only one of these techniques will increase Type I error, and those involving data reduction may decrease both types of error.     

《简·爱》女主人公的“三部人格”解析

文章从弗洛伊德的"三部人格结构"学说的视角解析了<简·爱>中两个配角"疯女人"、圣约翰和女主人公简·爱的内在关联.提出了本我、自我和超我即"疯女人"、简·爱和上帝(圣约翰)的观点.指出了他们之间的单循环关系本我满足自我--自我求助于超我--超我监督自我去管制本我.     

Evaluating a management and organization development effort in mental health agencies.

Although the use of management and organization development techniques in health and human service settings is increasing, there are few systematic studies of their effects. Those which do exist are problematic in many respects. An 18-month program incorporating both management and organization development is described along with the results of its evaluation, which were positive and well-utilized. A discussion of the methods employed, the problems encountered, and the outcomes obtained illustrates that these evaluation efforts are needed and can be useful to program evaluators involved in planned-change efforts.     

Alcohol abuse on a college campus: A needs assessment

This paper reports the results of a needs assessment study conducted by a university-based alcohol abuse prevention project. Data are presented on the drinking patterns and drinking problems of a random sample of 462 students. Results suggest that students are experiencing numerous difficulties in the physical, educational, legal and psychosocial areas due to their use of alcoholic beverages. Implications for prevention and intervention programming are discussed and the need for planning programs from a data-based perspective rather than a rational and intuitive approach is stressed.     

Putting schools as socio/economic institutions back into educational evaluation: A response to Kean and McNamara

A number of individuals have proposed the gradual refinement of existing programs, rather than their continual closing down, as a safeguard against educational fads and political pressures. The gradual refinement thesis is extended, refined, and criticized in this article. A different unit of analysis is proposed, one which takes into account the role of educational institutions in assisting in the reproduction of both cultural and economic inequality. It is argued that decisions about the gradual refinement of programs and institutions are not only technical but ideological and politico/economic in nature. Criteria for deciding on gradual refinement, based on a strategy of nonreformist reforms, are suggested.     

Leverage and evaluation effectiveness

Weaknesses in evaluations often can be traced to structural limitations in the positions of evaluation researchers. Conventional human relations techniques often are an insufficient basis for securing strong support for evaluation research. Strategies for increasing evaluation research leverage are reviewed. Alignment of evaluation research with regulatory bodies with authority to suspend public program expenditures is advocated. Several likely obstacles in the development of the regulatory evaluation model are anticipated and addressed.     

道教文化的经济学内蕴

道教文化源远流长,博大精深,其间的一些主张与经济学有相通之处,如人性的判断,天人合一的主张,阴阳八卦的深奥及崇尚道德等,与西方经济中理性人假设,以人为本的科学发展观及信息经济学的诞生,诚信制度均在不同程度上存在相合之处;道教文化中蕴含着丰富的经济学思想。     

论"多型态"表象与"多型态"发展研究--关于西部民族区域经济发展的跨学科交叉分析

在经济全球化和区域化发展的大背景下,区域范畴呈现"多型态"表象与"多层次"结构,亟需从跨学科的广义交叉视角出发进行研究.我国西部民族区域在生态环境、民族文化和社会经济发展各方面都复杂多样,为"多型态"研究提供了最理想与最丰富的田野.在上述"广义交叉视角"的透视下,可以探索一种符合新发展观的、凸显区域和民族特色的"多型态"区域经济发展模式.