关于“重写文学史”问题的若干思考

自1988年陈思和、王晓明在《上海文论》上主持“重写文学史”专栏， “重写文学史”这一说法第一次被明确提出，遂成为20世纪80年代文学活动的核心面向之一。但笔者认为，如果仅从狭义的角度来理解“重写文学史”是远远不够的，它不只是80年代产生轰动效应的文学事件，更是自现代文学产生以来就贯穿整个文学史而无法抗拒的历史思想潮流。广义而言，“重写文学史”一直是文学建设者们或隐或显的文学思想诉求，或被动或自觉的文学参与姿态。它在80年代被正式赋予了学术的内涵，但却上可追溯至现代文学的源头，下可延伸至不断发展的当今文坛，既在中国古代传统文学的孕育下新生，也从世界文学，尤其是西方文学中汲取力量而发展。只有从广义和狭义两个角度认识“重写文学史”这一问题，才能以更积极的态度面对文学发展的挑战，以更客观的立场审视文学发展的调整，也才能在真正意义上实现对于中国现当代文学这一学科发生发展的理解。     

Family Migration and Subsequent Employment: The Effect of Gender Ideology

A substantial body of evidence shows gender asymmetry in family migration, with women more likely to leave employment following migration than men. Gender ideologies, although yet not tested directly, have been proposed as one determinant for these asymmetries. Analyzing longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey (1991–2008) on 3,333 dual‐earner couples with dyadic multilevel regression models, the author examined whether the association of family migration with subsequent employment is moderated by the gender ideologies of both partners. The existing literature is enriched by illustrating that women's gender ideologies do not moderate the association, but women with egalitarian partners are less likely to leave employment after family migration than those with traditional partners. No significant effects for men were found. Even after controlling for both partners' gender ideologies and relevant control variables, a substantial gender difference in the risk of leaving employment after family migration remains, meriting further research.     

Challenging the gendered rhetoric of success? The limitations of women‐only mentoring for tackling gender inequality in the workplace

Mentoring is widely acknowledged to be an important contributor to women's career success and progression, but women often struggle to access mentoring networks that can help sponsor and develop their careers. Formal mentoring programmes designed specifically for women help overcome this challenge, but such schemes may at the same time reinforce masculine discourses which position women as deficient in relation to the invisibly male norm that is implicit within contemporary working practices. Drawing on a formal women‐only mentoring programme built on gender‐positive goals to empower women to ‘be the best they can be’ within the events industry, this article considers the extent to which such programmes can both challenge and reproduce gendered discourses of business and success. Interviews with mentors and mentees illustrate how such programmes make gender visible within business and individual careers, but masculinist underpinnings of organizational discourses remain invisible, unacknowledged and thus largely unchallenged.     

Wounds that time can’t heal: Life satisfaction and exposure to traumatic events

In this study, by employing large-scale survey data from four waves of the US Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we explore the (potentially long-lasting) effects of individuals’ exposure to psychologically traumatic life experiences on their subjective well-being. To this aim, we exploit the richness of our dataset, that contains information about occurrence and timing of a set of extreme events out of individuals’ control that may leave a “scar” extending to their current levels of life satisfaction in general as well as with regard to specific life domains. Our findings indicate that having a close relative hit by a life-threatening illness or accident and, especially, having been victim of a serious physical attack or assault are negatively related to both general and domain-specific life satisfaction, even after controlling for personality traits. Next, life satisfaction is significantly lowered by being physically abused by a parent. Overall, we provide evidence that the effects of some traumatic events are persistent over time and mostly related to women. Surprisingly, the effects of child death are negligible also in the short term.     

Underprotection of Unpredictable Statistical Lives Compared to Predictable Ones

Existing ethical discussion considers the differences in care for identified versus statistical lives. However, there has been little attention to the different degrees of care that are taken for different kinds of statistical lives. Here we argue that for a given number of statistical lives at stake, there will sometimes be different, and usually greater, care taken to protect predictable statistical lives, in which the number of lives that will be lost can be predicted fairly accurately, than for unpredictable statistical lives, where the lives are at stake because of a low‐probability event, such that most likely no one will be affected by the decision but with low probability some lives will be at stake. One reason for this difference is the statistical challenge of estimating low probabilities, and in particular the tendency of common approaches to underestimate these probabilities. Another is the existence of rational incentives to treat unpredictable risks as if the probabilities were lower than they are. Some of these factors apply outside the pure economic context, to institutions, individuals, and governments. We argue that there is no ethical reason to treat unpredictable statistical lives differently from predictable statistical lives. Moreover, lives that are unpredictable from the perspective of an individual agent may become predictable when aggregated to the level of a societal decision. Underprotection of unpredictable statistical lives is a form of market failure that may need to be corrected by altering regulation, introducing compulsory liability insurance, or other social policies.     

Is Marriage More Than Cohabitation? Well‐Being Differences in 30 European Countries

The study aims to assess, first, whether there is a gap in well‐being between unmarried cohabitants and the married, second, if selection factors can explain this so‐called cohabitation gap, and third, if the size of the cohabitation gap differs across countries and how this can be explained. We use pooled data from young adults (18–44) in 3 rounds of the European Social Survey (N ? 31, 500). Multilevel regression analyses show that there is a moderate cohabitation gap that can be partly explained with the selection factors material resources and religiosity. Country differences were clear and could partly be explained with the level of institutionalization: In countries where cohabitation is more accepted and more prevalent, the cohabitation gap is smaller.     

语言相对论研究述评

从时间、色彩、位值与运动事件等四个方面介绍与述评国外近期对萨丕尔．沃尔夫假说的实证研究，同时结合国内一些学者的成果，来探讨语言与思维之间的关系。     

处理大学城学生群体性突发事件重要问题的思考

近年来,大学城学生群体性突发事件时有发生,产生原因多种多样。一旦对其处置不当,就会影响到大学城的正常教学、生活秩序,乃至于社会稳定。因此在处理此类事件时应注意多方机构协调运行,善于把握时机,快速稳定事态,并通过发挥学生干部、党员、教师的话语作用积极疏导,安定学生情绪,坦诚沟通以此增强事件的透明度,且辅以良好的善后工作,最终达到巩固成果、防止事件反复发生的目的。     

高校职业道德教育应强化意志培养

本文通过分析三鹿集团破产的原因,揭示了职业道德意志培养的重要性,并对高校学生职业道德意志的培养提出相应的对策。     

Nonparametrics: The Early Years—Impressions and Recollections

In 1942 Wolfowitz introduced the term nonparametric into the statistical literature to call attention to the need for extending then-existing statistical theory beyond the customary parametric framework. Subsequently, statistical methods that did not depend on a strictly parametric setup became known as nonparametric methods. This article surveys developments in nonparametrics roughly up to 1960. The suggestion is made that statistics might be better served by eliminating the term nonparametric altogether from the statistical vocabulary.