Facilitators and barriers to pregnant women’s participation in research: A systematic review

Background

Although there is consensus among many that exclusion of pregnant women from clinical research should be justified, there is uncertainty as to whether and why pregnant women themselves would be willing to participate even if they were found to be eligible. The objective was to identify the reasons why pregnant women participate in clinical research and thereby to distinguish between facilitators and barriers.

英语写作中语篇迁移对连贯影响之分析

语言迁移可在不同语言层面发生。语篇层面上的迁移具有一定的隐蔽性,常不为学习者所注意。语篇迁移对于写作可产生负面影响,对写作连贯性的影响尤为明显。产生语篇迁移的原因有多种,对写作连贯性的影响亦有不同表现。克服语篇负迁移对于提高学习者的语篇能力,加强写作的连贯性是必要的。     

创新型中外合作跨文化交际教学模式实验研究

跨文化交际是一门综合学科,近年越多的非英语专业的大学生开始学习这门课程。但是,目前跨文化交际这门课程还处于一个初级阶段,许多大学英语老师还没能摸索出一个完善的课堂模式。基于对这门课程为期四年的教学和研究,提出一个中外合作的教学模式,这个模式最大的优势就是能够让中外教师充分发挥优势,学生能更好地提高跨文化交际的实践能力。     

Subjective Well-Being as an Indicator for Clinical Depression

The Theory of Homeostasis posits that Subjective Well-being (SWB) is regulated by a dynamic biological mechanism, assisting to maintain a positive view of life. Further, the theory suggests that clinical depression is the loss of SWB due to the defeat of this homeostatic defence system. To test this hypothesis it was predicted that people who were diagnosed as clinically depressed with the Semi-structured Clinical Interview (SCID-1/NP) based on the DSM-IV-TR Axis 1 would have a Personal Well-being Index-Adult (PWI-A) score below the normative range (70–80% of scale maximum). Following ethical approval a sample of 146 men was obtained and each was assessed on the SCID-1/NP and on the PWI-A. Subjects diagnosed as having one of several pathologies such as post traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, social phobia and specific phobia were found to score significantly lower on the PWI-A compared to participants who received no diagnosis. However, as the data did not discriminate between currently depressed and persons with other non-depressive psychopathologies, a Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used to explore this data further. Results indicated that the PWI-A was significantly better than guessing in discriminating clinically depressed cases, but only just so. Therefore, while this research found support for the proposition that the loss of SWB indicated clinical depression, the PWI-A is not sufficiently specific for diagnosis, nor can it be concluded that all instances of depression is the failure of SWB.     

A family of measures to evaluate scale reliability in a longitudinal setting

Summary.  The concept of reliability denotes one of the most important psychometric properties of a measurement scale. Reliability refers to the capacity of the scale to discriminate between subjects in a given population. In classical test theory, it is often estimated by using the intraclass correlation coefficient based on two replicate measurements. However, the modelling framework that is used in this theory is often too narrow when applied in practical situations. Generalizability theory has extended reliability theory to a much broader framework but is confronted with some limitations when applied in a longitudinal setting. We explore how the definition of reliability can be generalized to a setting where subjects are measured repeatedly over time. On the basis of four defining properties for the concept of reliability, we propose a family of reliability measures which circumscribes the area in which reliability measures should be sought. It is shown how different members assess different aspects of the problem and that the reliability of the instrument can depend on the way that it is used. The methodology is motivated by and illustrated on data from a clinical study on schizophrenia. On the basis of this study, we estimate and compare the reliabilities of two different rating scales to evaluate the severity of the disorder.     

Bias in the last observation carried forward method under informative dropout

Subject dropout is an inevitable problem in longitudinal studies. It makes the analysis challenging when the main interest is the change in outcome from baseline to endpoint of study. The last observation carried forward (LOCF) method is a very common approach for handling this problem. It assumes that the last measured outcome is frozen in time after the point of dropout, an unrealistic assumption given any time trends. Though existence and direction of the bias can sometimes be anticipated, the more important statistical question involves the actual magnitude of the bias and this requires computation. This paper provides explicit expressions for the exact bias in the LOCF estimates of mean change and its variance when the longitudinal data follow a linear mixed-effects model with linear time trajectories. General dropout patterns are considered that may depend on treatment group, subject-specific trajectories and follow different time to dropout distributions. In our case studies, the magnitude of bias for mean change estimators linearly increases as time to dropout decreases. The bias depends heavily on the dropout interval. The variance term is always underestimated.     

本科生科研能力培养的理性思考——基于研究生教育与本科生教育的衔接

文章从研究生教育与本科生教育的衔接角度提出了应重视培养我国研究型大学本科生的科研能力这一论题,并分析了本科生科研能力培养的具体内容包括逻辑思维能力、信息利用能力、科研方法技能、写作能力,探讨了以课程资源的整合、教学方式的创新和科研项目为实现载体,最后指出了本科生科研能力培养应重视的几个问题。     

Enhancing the midwife-woman relationship through shared decision making and clinical guidelines

The active and passive voice allocated to women within maternity service guidelines helps construct the nature of decision making. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that by allocating women an active voice within practice guidelines serves the interest of all parties within the health care relationship. Clinical guidelines were reviewed, and electronic databases and text were searched. The findings of this paper support that applying the principles of a shared decision making framework, within clinical practice guidelines, can assist the development of a partnership relationship between midwives and women.     

浅议我国会计教育问题

我国的会计教育应是素质教育、创造教育、继续教育和层次教育。在我国 ,需要进行会计教育目标的改革、会计教育课程体系的改革和会计教育方法的改革     

构建社会主义和谐社会领导干部必须提高“六种能力”

构建社会主义和谐社会关键在党,党的各级领导干部素质和能力的高低,直接影响党对构建和谐社会的领导。为此,领导干部必须提高科学民主决策、依法行政、正确处理人民内部矛盾、协调各方面利益关系、处理突发事件、反腐倡廉等六种能力。