文化图式与话语意义的理解

文化图式作为人们头脑中关于“文化”的“知识结构块”,在话语意义的理解过程中起着重要的作用。在介绍图式、文化图式与话语意义的基础上,从语义和语境方面分析文化图式与话语意义理解的关系,提出要依据文化图式差异有针对性地消除话语意义理解的障碍。只有话语双方共享同样的文化图式,话语意义理解程度才会达到最高点。     

Applying fuzzy logic to personnel assessment: a case study

The main results of a research project spanning over several years are presented in this paper. The aim of the research was the improvement of the effectiveness of personnel assessment within a large Italian corporation operating in the research sector. The first step of the research consisted of the analysis of the raters’ behavior, so as to elicit the judgement categories and prototypes they used in the judgement formulation, based on the rating method adopted in the corporation. The second step consisted of improving the rating method using fuzzy logic. The corporate management tested the new rating method and found it more efficient and reliable than the previous one.     

The Impact of Perceived Flood Exposure on Flood‐Risk Perception: The Role of Distance

Natural hazards, such as major flood events, are occurring with increasing frequency and inflicting increasing levels of financial damages upon affected communities. The experience of such major flood events has brought about a significant change in attitudes to flood‐risk management, with a shift away from built engineering solutions alone towards a more multifaceted approach. Europe's experience with damaging flood episodes provided the impetus for the introduction of the European Floods Directive, requiring the establishment of flood‐risk management plans at the river‐basin scale. The effectiveness of such plans, focusing on prevention, protection, and preparedness, is dependent on adequate flood awareness and preparedness, and this is related to perception of flood risk. This is an important factor in the design and assessment of flood‐risk management. Whilst there is a modern body of literature exploring flood perception issues, there have been few examples that explore its spatial manifestations. Previous literature has examined perceived and real distance to a hazard source (such as a river, nuclear facility, landfill, or incinerator, etc.), whereas this article advances the literature by including an objectively assessed measure of distance to a perceived flood zone, using a cognitive mapping methodology. The article finds that distance to the perceived flood zone (perceived flood exposure) is a crucial factor in determining flood‐risk perception, both the cognitive and affective components. Furthermore, we find an interesting phenomenon of misperception among respondents. The article concludes by discussing the implications for flood‐risk management.     

二语习得中石化现象产生的认知原因及应对策略

由于二语习得中语言石化现象存在着普遍性及特殊性,一方面它已经成为外语学习者中介语进一步发展的障碍,另一方面,也使国内外的一些研究者在界定石化现象的理论上存在重大分歧。文章在对一些主要的石化理论研究进行概述后,从认知科学的角度分析了认知和语言的关系,尤其借用Anderson和Johnson的技能学习模式分析石化在言语产生和言语处理过程中出现的原因,并在此基础上借鉴Brown的建议,提出了一些避免语言石化现象产生的建议和策略。     

Numeracy and wealth

Numeracy is defined as the ability to understand and use numerical information. We examined the relationship between numeracy and wealth using a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study. For a sample of approximately 1000 Dutch adults, we found a statistically significant correlation between numeracy and wealth, even after controlling for differences in education, risk preferences, beliefs about future income, financial knowledge, need for cognition or seeking financial advice. Conditional on socio-demographic characteristics, our estimates suggest that on average a one-point increase in the numeracy score (11-point scale) of the respondent is associated with 5 percent more personal wealth. Additionally, we find that numeracy is a key determinant of the wealth accumulation trajectories that people follow over time. Over a 5-year period, while participants with low numeracy decumulate wealth, participants with high numeracy maintain a constant positive level of wealth.     

Understanding founder–CEO’s replacement in venture-backed companies: A theoretical and empirical analysis

This research provides an accurate picture of situations in which founder–CEOs are replaced (or not) by venture capitalists. Our analysis aims to go further than the schematic case of the founder being simply dismissed by investors in a conflictual context. We first review the literature dedicated to this subject in the light of the agency theory (AT) and the resource-based view (RBV). However, the limits of these theoretical frameworks lead us to investigate their extensions: the entrenchment theory (ET), the dynamic capabilities approach (DCA) and the cognitive governance perspective (CGP). In a second phase, in order to decode the replacement process, we designed an exploratory methodology based on qualitative data, thus deepening our understanding of the issues it entails in venture-backed companies. Finally, this field analysis allows us to build a typology of replacement scenarii, with each scenario being interpreted by combining relevant theories to explain all aspects of it. In line with the AT, the ET focuses on the FCs strategy to retain their position. The DCA analyses the CEOs’ resources from a dynamic angle, in accordance with the RBV. The CGP is mobilised to characterise a conflict originating in a lack of skills. These results lead us to rethink the role of time and the nature of conflicts in the relationships between FCs and venture capitalists.     

Network knowledge and the use of power

Complementing recent work on the effects of power on network perceptions, we offer a theory specifying how knowledge of network structures and exchange processes differentially affect the use of power by advantaged and disadvantaged positions. We argue that under certain conditions, network knowledge is beneficial to occupants of low-power positions, but not to occupants of high-power positions. Any low-power actor can benefit from having superior information, but if all low-power actors have equally sound knowledge, then all are worse off—a type of social trap. We tested these arguments by manipulating power and the availability of information on network structure and exchange processes in an experimental exchange network setting. The results were supportive.     

陶筹到文字：认知的发展

文章以远古西亚地区计数方式的演变为例来分析抽象能力的发展。陶筹表明人类计数方式最初是通过具体的一一对应的方式实现的。公元前7500年的西亚陶筹表现其所代表物品的方式却是抽象的,比如以锥形陶筹表示谷物量器。公元前3300年,人们开始用空心泥球来保存有计数功能的陶筹,以更为抽象的符号刻画在其表面来记录其内封存的陶筹。这个过程发展到最高阶段便产生了具有抽象意义的数字,随后文字也就应运而生。     

大学生英语限时写作策略研究

采用问卷调查和访谈等形式探讨了非英语专业学习者限时写作时的策略使用情况以及这些写作策略与写作成绩之间的关系。结果表明：学生在限时写作时主要使用认知策略,对影响写作质量的元认知策略和社会情感策略使用较少,成功英语学习者和不成功英语学习者使用的写作策略在个别策略上有差异,写作质量主要受认知策略的影响。