可作为方法论的范式解释

任何一种知识、认识、感觉和行为都要靠"范式"的(再)启动来形成。任何解释都是范式的运用。从认识论上来说,各种范式都是一些具有"结构"的应用模式,在心理学和神经学上,这些应用模式则是通过具有(协同和再)应用作用的神经元组合来协调、适应和"习得"的。从不变的、初始的不同"解释"到常规的、分类的和辩护性的解释,以及各种元解释,简述了解释的范式应用(即范式解释)的六个层次。构建性的范式解释是不可避免的。很多哲学问题都将必须沿着这些思路被重新表达、重新解释。     

基于合法性视角的物联网产业发展研究

物联网产业作为我国的战略新兴产业,处于产业发展初期。制度环境对新兴产业的发展有很大的影响,组织合法性的获取对物联网产业发展至关重要。从物联网产业新创企业合法性建立出发,结合物联网产业发展的现状,提出了从组织、行业内、行业间三个层次分别制定和实施合法化战略,获取社会政治合法性和认知合法性,进而建立物联网产业的合法性,促进物联网产业持续、健康、稳定地发展。     

Use of Self in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has not traditionally utilized “use of self” to describe the clinician’s role in counseling but much attention has been given to the importance of the therapeutic relationship and the components necessary and appropriate for a strong working alliance. The CBT approach is discussed within the framework of previously articulated five uses of selves. A case example is presented.

Are Irrational Beliefs and Depressive Mood More Common Among Problem Gamblers than Non-Gamblers? A Survey Study of Swedish Problem Gamblers and Controls

This study tests the hypothesis that problem gamblers are more prone to have irrational beliefs and depressed mood than non-gamblers. Irrational beliefs refer to fallacious opinions about probabilities. Gamblers like to believe that chance games (i.e., roulette and lottery) can be controlled and that the outcome of such games is dependent on the patterns of previous outcomes. The empirical material consists of responses to a survey that 302 individuals have answered. Half of the respondents were deemed to be problem gamblers. The results showed that compared to the controls, the problem gamblers were more inclined to show illusion of control due to their skill and reported more depressive mood. The results are discussed in terms of difficulties to know the “hen and the egg” regarding depressive mood, and in terms of intermittent reinforcement to continue gambling.     

作为认知图式的非物质文化遗产——文化生态保护区的平遥经验

在我国文化生态环境发生急剧变化的背景中,平遥文化生态保护的经验具有从“地方”走向世界的战略意义。在空间再生产的过程中,平遥守住了地方的空间体验和地方感,以强劲的自主性对现代性进行本土化改造,将古城还原成为一个活态的、属于原居民的空间。与此相应,平遥县的非物质文化遗产在重构的文化空间中,凭借节庆化的制度安排,形成了一种向外积极舒展的认知图式,使日常生活的文化空间具有节日的娱乐性和内容的丰富性。不容忽视的是,全球化资本与现代技术的肆意入侵影响着非物质文化遗产的走向,文化的主体性容易缺席或被分裂。平遥经验的启示意义在于,文化主体的能动性发挥是平遥从“地方”走向世界的关键所在。     

生成语法与认知语法主要差异解读

生成语法认为语言是独立于其他认知能力之外的一种任意的、自治的形式系统;认知语法则认为语言就是认知的表现,所有的语言表达方式都可以从认知层面上找到解释。在对语言组成与机制上,生成语法是从简的;认知语法则是从繁的。语言研究中生成语法主张语法模块化;认知语法认为语言涉及到其他认知系统。生成语法强调表层结构是由各种看不见的层次按照一定规则生成的;认知语法认为语言是单层的。生成语法倡导从人类的心智内部来解释语言;认知语法不仅要解释语言现象、阐述语言与认知的关系,而且要尽力作出统一解释。     

对认知效果与认知频率的观察

认知效果是指认知主体认知目的的实现程度。在认知过程中,认知频率是影响认知效果的重要因素。纵向的认知频率是指单位时间内的认知次数,横向的认知频率是指认知主体某一时刻利用多方位的认知通道。虚拟认知是一种全频率的认知方式,可以很大程度地提高认知效果。本文给出了认知频率和认知效果之间的数学模型。     

基于认知有限理性的项目决策方案的制定

传统的项目决策方案的制定都是基于完全理性人的假设,认为所制定的方案都是最优的,而实际情况却相反。有些方案不但不是最优的而且存在很大的不确定性,造成这一结果的原因来自于决策者的认知有限理性。本文首先分析了认知有限理性的特征及其对决策行为的影响,然后提出用决策者满意原则和群体决策代替个体决策这两种方法来应对决策过程中的认知有限理性。     

Pathological Gambling in Estonia: Relationships with Personality,Self-Esteem,Emotional States and Cognitive Ability

Due to changes in gambling accessibility during the last decade gambling has become more widespread in Estonia and the prevalence of pathological gambling has sharply increased. The present study attempts to identify psychological characteristics of Estonian pathological gamblers. It has been shown that a wide range of social, economic, and individual factors (e.g. personality traits and emotional states) predict the likelihood of becoming a pathological gambler. In the present study, pathological gamblers’ (N = 33) personality traits, self-esteem, self-reported emotional states and cognitive ability were compared to the respective characteristics in a non-gambling control group (N = 42) matched for age, gender and educational level. It was found that compared to controls, pathological gamblers had higher scores on Neuroticism (especially on its immoderation facet) and lower scores on Conscientiousness (especially on its dutifulness and cautiousness facets) and on self-esteem scale. They reported more negative emotional states during the previous month (especially depression and anxiety). Finally, pathological gamblers had lower general cognitive ability. In a logistic regression model, the likelihood of being a pathological gambler was best predicted by high immoderation score and low cognitive ability.

语言情境创设与高中英语阅读教学

本文通过对图式理论的思考,借鉴该领域中图式与阅读之间关系的最新成果,分析目前高中英语阅读教学中的一些问题,并提出教师在英语阅读课教学中采用语言情境创设方法,有助于提高学生的阅读理解能力.