行政组织伦理氛围:基于社会认同理论的视角

社会认同理论与行政组织伦理氛围虽然具有迥异的研究背景、基础理论与方法,但不可否认二者之间存在高度的相关性。基于互动主义的行政组织伦理氛围内隐了社会认同的诸多环节,融合多重认同的建构性思维也有助于行政组织伦理氛围的提升。特别是社会认同过程中群体身份的彰显,可以为分析组织伦理氛围提供现实工具,使组织成员能够从自我认同与社会认同纠结的困惑中摆脱出来,并通过激活机制唤醒与组织情境相匹配的群体归属意识,达到建设性分析行政组织伦理氛围对个体伦理决策影响力、解决行政组织伦理冲突、弥合行政组织规范与社会规范鸿沟的目的。     

The impact of social heterogeneity and commodity price shocks on civil conflicts

Do exogenous economic shocks promote civil conflicts directly? Do they affect all the societies alike? The current approach presents a large sample panel data evidence not only on the effect of commodity export price shocks on conflict incidence, rather than onsets, but also on the joint impact of both ethnic and religious polarization and fractionalization on political instability. In this regard, we find out that in ethnically polarized societies, the commodity export price shocks increase violence. Nonetheless, in ethnically and religiously fractionalized societies (as well as religiously polarized), the effect of commodity export price shocks on civil conflicts depends on the type of income shocks and category of commodity. These findings contribute to the existing literature by illuminating the compound effect of both income shocks and social diversity on intrastate conflicts.     

水库移民研究述评

在现代化建设中,随着各项水利工程的建设,产生了大量的水库移民,水库移民问题处理是否妥当将直接关系到移民的生活安康水平及地区乃至国家的稳定。本文从水库移民性质、安置与补偿、社会冲突与整合、适应,以及社会保障五个方面对水库移民的已有研究进行了全面综述,并做了简要评述。     

Public Attitudes toward Partisan and Neutral Symbols in Post-Agreement Northern Ireland

Using original data from the Northern Ireland Life and Times survey, this article assesses public attitudes toward key issues of symbolism intimately connected with the Northern Ireland conflict and peace process. It uses public attitudes toward the symbolic expressions of Northern Ireland's politico-religious blocs as indicators of the extent of intercommunity tolerance in the delicate post-Belfast Agreement period. Survey questions on attitudes toward flags, including the idea of a new flag for Northern Ireland; loyalist and republican murals; and memorials to the dead of the conflict, including the idea of a memorial for all of the victims of the conflict, reveal that partisan attitudes toward communal symbols of identity and commemoration persist, despite macro-level political changes heralded by the 1998 peace accord. It is argued that the consociational design of the Belfast Agreement facilitates the perpetuation of the single-identity politics of Irish nationalism and Ulster unionism. In this context, public attachment to partisan symbols remains strong.     

Parental spanking and subsequent risk for child aggression in father-involved families of young children

This study examined separate and combined maternal and paternal use of spanking with children at age 3 and children's subsequent aggressive behavior at age 5. The sample was derived from a birth cohort study and included families (n = 923) in which both parents lived with the child at age 3. In this sample, 44% of 3-year-olds were spanked 2 times or more in the past month by either parent or both parents. In separate analyses, being spanked more than twice in the prior month at age 3, by either mother or father, was associated with increased child aggression at 5 years. In combined analyses, there was a dose–response association; the greatest risk for child aggression was reported when both parents spanked more than twice in the prior month (adjusted odds ratio: 2.01; [confidence interval: 1.03–3.94]). Violence prevention initiatives should target and engage mothers and fathers in anticipatory guidance efforts aimed at increasing the use of effective and non-aggressive child discipline techniques and reducing the use of spanking.     

When conflict fuels negativity. A large-scale comparative investigation of the contextual drivers of negative campaigning in elections worldwide

We investigate the contextual conditions under which campaigns in elections worldwide are fought “negatively”, that is, rely on attacks against political opponents. We test the overarching intuition that societal, political, and cultural conflicts in the country are associated with greater negativity in election campaigns; conflicts, we argue, sow political discord. We test this intuition via a large-scale comparative dataset that covers 136 national elections across more than 100 countries worldwide that happened between June 2016 and March 2020, based on the expert judgments of more than 2000 scholars - to the best of our knowledge, the single largest comparative dataset about the content of elections worldwide. Our results show that countries in which elections are fought under a majoritarian or plurality rule tend to witness higher campaign negativity, and so are countries characterized by higher income inequality, deeper ethnic fragmentation, and higher individualism. Similarly, election competitiveness and ideological diversity of competing actors both tend to be associated with a greater use of negative campaigning, and so is news media preference for sensationalism.     

CFC税制与双边税收条约兼容性问题及中国因应对策

在CFC税制与双边税收协定兼容性问题上,国际税收界存在着"抵触论"与"一致论"两种截然不同的观点,它们在一定程度上体现了国际社会中不同国家间税收权益分配存在着矛盾冲突。该兼容性问题影响着国际税收实践。我国《企业所得税法》已采纳CFC税制,为了维护我国税收权益,我们应当采取某些必要措施,消除或减少CFC税制与税收协定发生冲突的可能性。     

悲剧的超越

马恩悲剧观主要体现在对拉萨尔的两封信中,但这并非是瞬间的灵感或顿悟,而是他们长期对历史和文艺思考的硕果。在马恩的早期悲剧观中,曾经徘徊着亚里斯多德和黑格尔的影子,但马恩走出了曾一度笼罩其身的思想阴影,不存偏见地保留了西方悲剧理论的核心特征——冲突的必然性,却赋予了它以全新的意蕴,是对西方传统悲剧理论的全方位超越。     

Ambiguity and Cooperation in the Implementation of Adult Protection Policy

Using a classification of public policy developed by Matland, we examine implementation of policy on adult protection as outlined in ‘No Secrets’, the government's guidance to local agencies. This policy appears to exemplify a ‘high‐ambiguity/low‐conflict’ model. Detailed interviews with staff charged with developing multi‐agency procedures, in local authority departments, health authorities, the police and the voluntary sector, confirmed the ambiguity of the policy and the uncertainty experienced by staff as a consequence. However, the interviews also revealed a number of areas of conflict, particularly as people gave precedence to their own professional norms and organizational priorities over partnership working.     

Conflict Management of Cooperative Organizations in Contemporary Iran: A Review Analysis

Emergence of conflicts-of-interests and of disputes in organizations, especially within and among work team systems, is inevitable. Cooperatives are self-governing organizations with democratic characters aimed at meeting the members’ needs and promoting social equity. Yet, internal organizational conflicts arise as conflicts-of-interests develop. Such conflicts can cause serious damages to the parties involved as well as harm the reputation of cooperatives as social and economic entities that tend to pursue social justice and fair distribution of income in society. This paper addresses conflict management in contemporary cooperative organizations. It is based on a preliminary research performed on factors causing conflicts in various types of cooperatives in Iran by analyzing 253 complaints made in 224 housing, consumer, transportation, producer procurement, and credit cooperatives within the central province of Tehran. It also offers some suggestions to improve conflict management within cooperative organizations.