Examining the content validity of the WHOQOL-BREF from respondents’ perspective by quantitative methods

Content validity, the extent to which a measurement reflects the specific intended domain of content, is a basic type of validity for a valid measurement. It was usually examined qualitatively and relied on experts’ subjective judgments, not on respondents’ responses. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to introduce and demonstrate how to use quantitative methods to examine the content validity for a certain measurement from respondents’ viewpoint with quantitative methods. In the current study, content validity of the WHOQOL-BREF was examined with quantitative methods among 102 undergraduate students and 128 community adults. They were asked to rate the appropriateness of each item with the four domains of the WHOQOL-BREF respectively and also asked to sort the items into the four domains. Then, three quantitative methods on examining content validity were applied to analyze the rating and sorting data, including (1) proportion of substantive agreement, (2) substantive validity, and (3) ANOVA approach. These results were used to compare with the original content structure of the WHOQOL-BREF, to see if the original structure is consistent with the structure of subjects’ judgments. The results showed that the content structure gained from appropriateness rating and item sorting was not totally consistent with the original content structure of the WHOQOL-BREF. Among 24 items, 12 items did not have adequate content validity. More discussion on these items and the issue of content validity were further provided.     

聘礼现象的文化透视

世界上大多数民族在订婚时都要送聘礼,主要是男方向女方父母表达对女儿的养育之恩.聘礼有多种形态,反映出不同民族的消费结构、经济类型和传统文化特征.聘礼是一种包含着多重文化意义的象征符号,能体现不同的使用价值、社会价值和象征意义等社会文化功能.     

Estimates of the Health Risk Reductions Associated with Attainment of Alternative Particulate Matter Standards in Two U.S. Cities

As part of its periodic re-evaluation of particulate matter (PM) standards, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimated the health risk reductions associated with attainment of alternative PM standards in two locations in the United States with relatively complete air quality data: Philadelphia and Los Angeles. PM standards at the time of the analysis were defined for particles of aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 microm, denoted as PM-10. The risk analyses estimated the risk reductions that would be associated with changing from attainment of the PM-10 standards then in place to attainment of alternative standards using an indicator measuring fine particles, defined as those particles of aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 microm and denoted as PM-2.5. Annual average PM-2.5 standards of 12.5, 15, and 20 microg/m3 were considered in various combinations with daily PM-2.5 standards of 50 and 65 microg/m3. Attainment of a standard or set of standards was simulated by a proportional rollback of "as is" daily PM concentrations to daily PM concentrations that would just meet the standard(s). The predicted reductions in the incidence of health effects varied from zero, for those alternative standards already being met, to substantial reductions of over 88% of all PM-associated incidence (e.g., in mortality associated with long-term exposures in Los Angeles, under attainment of an annual standard of 12.5 microg/m3). Sensitivity analyses and integrated uncertainty analyses assessed the multiple-source uncertainty surrounding estimates of risk reduction.     

关于管理创新问题的辩证思考

管理创新反映着时代主题的必然要求 ,本文从管理艺术、高科技、知识经济及市场经济等多个方面 ,论证了在我国实行管理创新的重要性和必然性 ,同时 ,运用辩证思想分析了管理创新问题 ,认为实行管理创新必须遵循创新规律 ,必须以主客观条件为依据。     

公共揭示语汉译英错误剖析

公共揭示语汉译英中存在着诸多错误。这不仅影响译文的质量而且造成许多不应出现的交际问题。文章对部分揭示语典型错误的表现实例进行剖析 ,探讨其产生原因并给出参照译文 ,同时也强调了汉英揭示语在对外宣传中的重要作用     

The press and Alitalia's 2008 crisis: Issues, tones, and frames

Given that public opinion about a company's performance during a crisis is highly influenced by the way news media cover crisis events, studies that look at news media's choice of crisis issues, tones and frames are extremely valuable. This paper presents the main findings of a study on how the Italian and international press framed the Italian national airline Alitalia and its crisis in 2008 before its privatization. This study is based on content analysis of news articles published in 2008 in two Italian and two international newspapers. Comparisons of crisis issues, tones and frames between the Italian and international press are made. Implications and recommendations for crisis managers are discussed as well as directions for further research.     

大禹治水精神及其现实意义

大禹治水在中华文明发展史上起重要作用。在治水过程中,大禹依靠艰苦奋斗、因势利导、科学治水、以人为本的理念,克服重重困难,终于取得了治水的成功。由此形成以公而忘私、民族至上、民为邦本、科学创新等为内涵的大禹治水精神。大禹治水精神是中华民族精神的源头和象征,大力弘扬大禹治水精神在全面建设小康社会中有重要的现实意义。     

李贽妇女观解析

李贽主张男女平等,肯定妇女的突出作用;在婚恋家庭方面,主张婚恋自由、赞成寡妇再嫁、鼓励夫妻互敬互爱;在社会舆论方面,李贽反对传统的女人祸水论,上述主张构成了李贽妇女观的主要内容。李贽妇女观的产生与其所处的时代背景、家庭环境和个人成长经历有着不可分割的关系。     

城市化与产业结构调整分析

城市化与产业结构的调整是两个相互作用、相互影响、互为因果的过程:经济的发展和产业结构的演变导致城市化的发展,产业结构的演变是城市化的动因;城市化的实质是由于生产力变革引起的人口和其他生产要素从农业部门向非农业部门转移的过程,城市化是产业结构演变的根本标志。文章从二者互动关系入手,分析了全国城市化与产业结构调整。在现阶段,要促进我国经济的持续、快速、健康发展,必须双管齐下,实行合理的产业结构政策和城市化策略,使二者相互促进、共同发展。     

中国共产党执政规律研究综述

中国共产党执政规律研究具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。学术界正在对这一重大课题进行研究和探索,本文对学术界目前的研究状况作了综述。