An Asymptotic Analysis of the Logrank Test

Asymptotic expansions for the null distribution of the logrank statistic and its distribution under local proportional hazards alternatives are developed in the case of iid observations. The results, which are derived from the work of Gu (1992) and Taniguchi (1992), are easy to interpret, and provide some theoretical justification for many behavioral characteristics of the logrank test that have been previously observed in simulation studies. We focus primarily upon (i) the inadequacy of the usual normal approximation under treatment group imbalance; and, (ii) the effects of treatment group imbalance on power and sample size calculations. A simple transformation of the logrank statistic is also derived based on results in Konishi (1991) and is found to substantially improve the standard normal approximation to its distribution under the null hypothesis of no survival difference when there is treatment group imbalance. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

When Costs Are Unequal and Unknown: A Subtree Grafting Approach for Unbalanced Data Classification*

In binary classifications, a decision tree learned from unbalanced data typically creates an important challenge related to the high misclassification rate of the minority class. Assigning different misclassification costs can address this problem, though usually at the cost of accuracy for the majority class. This effect can be particularly hazardous if the costs cannot be specified precisely. When the costs are unknown or difficult to determine, decision makers may prefer a classifier with more balanced accuracy for both classes rather than a standard or cost‐sensitively learned one. In the context of learning trees, this research therefore proposes a new tree induction approach called subtree grafting (STG). On the basis of a real bank data set and several other data sets, we test the proposed STG method and find that our proposed approach provides a successful compromise between standard and cost‐sensitive trees.     

从利用到受益:论《民法典》用益物权制度的改革与完善

《民法典》的“物权编”在对《物权法》总体继承的基础上又有所增益,农地经营权的构建、建设用地的规范、居住权的设计等都体现了当代用益物权的价值功能:“利用”、“受益”与“归属”三者的协调统一,其中从利用到单纯的“受益”体现了用益物权财产化的趋向,更加规范的登记确权体系体现了对于权利“归属”的重视。从“地役权”的入律到《民法典》中“居住权”的法律构造,我国用益物权类型正在以一种更加开放与务实的姿态呈现出来,而一些关于增扩物权类型的建议则应置于尊重现实需要、稳定法律关系的角度审慎考虑。     

清政府与义和团运动——以“持平办理”方针为中心

为处理“教案” ,清政府很早就提出了“持平办理”的方针 ,但在不平等条约的束缚下 ,处于弱势地位并只图苟安的清政府根本不可能做到“持平办理”。从清政府制定“持平办理”方针到执行不力以致失败 ,从另行出台“区分匪会”政策到降谕召募拳众 ,反映出民教交涉案件之所以逐渐发展为义和团运动 ,完全是一个规律性演进的历史过程。     

社会转型中的“集体主义”－兼评邓小平同志在集体主义的现代转型中所做的贡献

有人断言,集体主义会在20世纪末走向衰亡.在分析了这一预言所基的历史原因,并简述了旧模式下集体主义的负面效应后,阐述了邓小平同志为了把个人从虚幻的极左的集体主义中解脱出来,坚持用具体的历史的观点研究人,重视个人利益,进行了创造性理论构建.在充分肯定个人利益的基础上,小平同志站在集体主义立场对个人主义进行了批驳,目的是促进个人与集体走向联合,达到辩证统一,这也正是集体主义价值观在现代境遇中转型的根本着眼点和发展方向.     

卫生法学的逻辑起点与人文关怀

作为应用性跨学科研究,卫生法学不仅需要明确自己的出发点和根底,更需要一个共同的理论平台和基本的价值共识。它们不只是纯理论性问题,也关涉到卫生法治实践的核心、方向与目的等根本性问题。卫生法学的逻辑起点应该是生命法益,即具有法律意义的生命利益。卫生法学研究应该在此基础上合逻辑并且合规律地展开。卫生法学直接关涉到人的生存与发展、健康与尊严,因而人文关怀对于卫生法学来讲尤为重要,并具体表现为个体关怀、族群关怀和人类关怀三大层面。     

In memoriam: L. H. M. Ling

In the early phase of its rule in Turkey (2002–4), the pro-Islamic government of the AKP (Justice and Development party) and various branches of the state collaborated in a series of political and economic reforms. The democratization process has gradually moderated and integrated Islamic actors into the secular Turkish Republic. However, it has also had polarizing effects on social groups. Among many, the polarization of two groups of women, ‘pious’ and ‘secularist’, deserves particular attention. Instead of bringing Turkish women together, gender reforms, particularly the lifting of the headscarf ban in universities, have divided women and created disarray and confrontation in society. This article reveals and compares the two dramatically different patterns of political engagement by pious and secularist women in leadership positions in contemporary Turkey. On the one hand, it reveals the increasingly radical backlash of secularist women against the increasing visibility in public spaces of pious women who veil. On the other hand, it examines how pious women, who see the tumult their religious observance in the public space is creating, are increasingly turning to a non-confrontational mode of non-response. What is the prognosis for the future of a democratic Turkey?     

课堂环境中的语码转换现象解读

课堂环境与自然交际环境中语码转换的语用动机有较大区别。语码转换在课堂中的恰当运用,有利于教学信息的清楚传达、会话语篇的连续展开、师生之间的情感互动和学生自尊心的呵护,可以提高教学成效。但是,语码转换在课堂中不可滥用,过多或不当使用也会造成一些负面影响。     

(Visual) Disability – from exclusive perspectives to inclusive differences

By introducing the concept ‘inclusive differences’ of disability this paper suggests that disability is the outcome of historically specific, embodied human and non‐human configurations fabricated within the conduct of everyday life. Inclusive differences question the attempt given by exclusive perspectives that try to divide analytically, conceptually or politically ‘disability’ a priori into an individual (natural) bodily impairment or a purely socio‐cultural attributed disability. Applying the concept of inclusive differences, neither the domain of ‘nature’ nor ‘society’ can function as a disability’s self‐explanatory force. Rather, inclusive differences highlight the connection between human and non‐human relations that make up the different enabling and/or disabling scenarios of societal realities. Drawing on the practices of blind people in a visual culture this paper discusses related specificities of inclusive differences.     

论绍兴传统经济人格之形成

绍兴传统经济人格反映的是农业社会中绍兴地区公众共同的经济活动特点,可以总结为勤俭、精细、柔韧和务实四个特点,本质是“耕读取利”,这是秦汉以后越地文化最主要的表现形式之一。秦汉以来的人口迁徙和绍兴地理环境的变化,分别构成了绍兴传统经济人格形成的人力基础和物质基础,传统儒家文化的传播特别是东晋以来绍兴文化教育业的发展,是绍兴传统经济人格形成的文化依据。而以小农经济和小商品经济为主导的传统经济形态及其发展,则是绍兴传统经济人格形成的决定性因素,绍兴传统经济发展过程之中的人地矛盾,则构成了绍兴传统经济人格形成的内在动力。