青藏铁路沿线生态环保经济效益分析

青藏铁路作为全国乃至世界上首条高原生态环保铁路,通过其环保理念和环保实践及在全方位、多领域、各环节实施的环保措施,对青藏高原生态环境起到积极的保护作用,是人与自然生态、建设项目与高原环境和谐相处的典范,它将为我国今后经济建设项目的环境保护提供可以借鉴的成功经验,同时能发挥良好示范和典型引导作用,正如曾培炎副总理关于"青藏铁路建设中认真做好环境保护工作的经验,值得全面总结推广"的重要批示。可以预言,建成并投入使用的青藏铁路建设生态环保体系,必将在今后铁路运营中发挥良好的经济、生态和社会效益。     

Some Results on Modeling Biological Sequences and Web Navigation with a Semi Markov Chain

In the article, the entrance probabilities and the probability distribution of the number of transitions to a state are studied to provide some answers to questions related to state occupancies for the semi Markov model. Biological sequences and Web navigation are two cases that initially seem to be different but to a certain extent they do have similarities. Two main aspects of word occurrences in biological sequences are: (a) where do they occur and (b) how many times do they occur. In Web navigation the similar questions are (a) when a node is visited and (b) how many times a node is visited. So, the theoretical results of this study are applied to model these two cases and derive distributions of word location or node occurrence and frequency of occurrences. Rewards/costs are included in the Web navigation model and analytic forms for the means, variances, and moments of total interval rewards/costs are provided.     

American Statistical Association Style Guide

This article contains the American Statistical Association Style Guide published in The American Statistician volume 40 issue 1, in 1986. To see the current version of the style guide please click here.     

长期护理需求评估体系建设研究——基于地方试点与德国实践

长期护理需求评估是长期护理保险筹资与给付的联结点,直接决定了保险给付,并对长期护理保险筹资有重要影响.当前我国试点地方在长期护理需求评估制度的设计上分歧较大,虽积累了差异化的经验与案例,但地区分割不利于社会公平与社会流动.应立足于长期护理保险的社会保险属性,结合社会实际与试点效果,适当借鉴德国经验,统筹设计长期护理需求评估体系,通过"法律+行政法规+部门规章"的规范形式,精准定位评估对象,明确独立的评估主体、科学设计评估指标与评估工具、严格规范评估程序等确保评估结果的科学、客观与公正,并根据评估结果进行分级分类给付,实现长期护理保险资源流向精准.     

How to Perform an Ethical Risk Analysis (eRA)

Ethical analysis is often needed in the preparation of policy decisions on risk. A three‐step method is proposed for performing an ethical risk analysis (eRA). In the first step, the people concerned are identified and categorized in terms of the distinct but compatible roles of being risk‐exposed, a beneficiary, or a decisionmaker. In the second step, a more detailed classification of roles and role combinations is performed, and ethically problematic role combinations are identified. In the third step, further ethical deliberation takes place, with an emphasis on individual risk‐benefit weighing, distributional analysis, rights analysis, and power analysis. Ethical issues pertaining to subsidiary risk roles, such as those of experts and journalists, are also treated in this phase. An eRA should supplement, not replace, a traditional risk analysis that puts emphasis on the probabilities and severities of undesirable events but does not cover ethical issues such as agency, interpersonal relationships, and justice.     

Understanding public perceptions of genetically modified organisms in China: The role that heuristics play during digital media exposure

This study explicates the role that heuristics play in influencing Chinese public perceptions of genetically modified organisms (GMO) when they are exposed to digital media. According to the cognitive–affective continuum of heuristics, trust in scientists and negative emotions about GMOs are a cognition-oriented heuristic and an affect heuristic, respectively. The statistical results of an online survey (N?=?414) demonstrated that trust in scientists fully mediated digital media exposure and perceptions of the risks versus benefits of GMOs. In addition, negative emotions moderated the full mediation effect, showing that the indirect effect was stronger in individuals with low levels of negative emotions than in those with high levels of negative emotions. The mediating role of trust in scientists and the moderating role of negative emotions, the two heuristics applied in this study, indicated that when negative emotions were weak, laypeople were more likely to rely on scientists to judge the consequences of GMOs than systematically process the associated information by themselves. The findings have implications for reconsidering the importance of heuristic processing in building reasonable public perceptions of risk-laden technologies through the digital environment.     

构建马克思主义大众化道德基础的新思路

十七大报告提出马克思主义大众化,本文试图从道德哲学的角度切入,论证马克思主义大众化的道德基础——人民群众正当合理的需要和利益。分别从最低要求、最高要求及贯通两者的操作程序三个方面展开论证。在此基础上结合当代社会的特点,提出了建构此道德基础的三点思路。     

金融中介成本与经济增长--基于中国分区数据的实证研究

很多研究表明,金融中介发展和经济增长之间关系的问题存在多种不同结论。本文以1979—2004年各省统计数据为基础,运用实证方法探讨中国金融中介成本与经济增长速度之间的关系。结果表明我国金融中介成本与经济增长之间呈微弱相关性,在某些特定条件下还是负相关。结果还表明经济繁荣地区的金融中介成本与经济增长关系比经济发展地区、经济落后地区要强．文章对此现象进行了一定程度的解释。     

改革发展成果分享的目标诉求与利益均衡

公平分享改革发展成果不是简单的财富分配问题,其目标必须契合当今和谐社会构建的需要。公平分享改革发展成果是通过实现社会的利益均衡这一途径来实现的,这需着力解决以下问题：一是实现政府与社会的利益均衡,这需要明确政府在和谐社会中的定位;二是实现社会各群体之间的利益均衡;三是实现人与人之间环境利益的均衡,这既要克服人类中心主义的虚妄,又要正确确立人类的生态位,同时还应将生态建设与管理并举;四是实现区域之间发展利益的均衡,这就要求在反哺机制的架构、区域发展制度的供给以及制度的＂厚度＂与＂薄化＂上有所作为。     

陕西省服务业发展研究

服务业现代化程度的测评是目前研究涉及较少的领域。从分析陕西省服务业发展水平和结构入手,首次提出服务业现代化指数概念,并结合2005年经济普查的数据对陕西省服务业各行业的现代化水平及其经济效益进行了初步测评。在定量分析的基础上得出了陕西省服务业内部各行业经济效益参差不齐的结论。从整体上看,其经济效益还较低,因而提高服务业的经济效益应该成为陕西省发展服务业的主要努力方向。