美国宪法第四修正案中的"相当理由"之变迁——兼论我国刑事强制措施证明标准的完善

美国宪法第四修正案中的"相当理由"在司法实践中经历了从一元向多元的嬗变,与之遥相呼应,美国理论界也一直存在着"相当理由"究竟是固定标准还是滑动标准的论争。我国未来刑事诉讼法的修改,应借鉴美国法上的"相当理由"标准,在遵循比例原则的基础上,规定多元化的刑事强制措施证明标准的同时,建立相关的配套措施,保障刑事强制措施制度的正当化。     

我国的刑事诉讼结构——一个亟待澄清的概念

我国在共时性语境下展开的刑事诉讼结构研究容易遮蔽一个历时性形成的问题:现代刑事诉讼结构与其理论基础浑然一体,其制度表达服务于西方由来已久的程序正义观;我国当下的刑事诉讼结构与我国的理论传统在整体上也是协调一致的,其制度表达基本上服务于我国当下日遭否定的实体本位说。家庭本位观决定了我国古代刑事诉讼中追诉者对被追诉者进行追诉、审问的两面结构。集体优位观决定了我国1979年刑事诉讼法确立的国家专门机关对被追诉者进行犯罪追诉的简单结构和当下刑事诉讼的畸形结构。我国当下的刑事诉讼结构亟待实现现代化,需要充分确立被追诉者的基本权利,取消检察机关对刑事审判的监督权,在审判前程序中确立中立性裁判者的法律地位,实现追诉权与裁判权的分离。我国刑事诉讼结构的现代化需要以"以人为本"的发展观为理论支撑。     

When being overpaid makes me feel good about myself: It depends on how the other feels

The present research examined whether the emotions of others (i.e., disappointment versus happiness with respect to a received outcome) influence own self-esteem when being overpaid. Results from two experiments demonstrated that participants reported higher performance self-esteem when the other expressed happiness rather than disappointment. This effect was only found in the condition where one was overpaid relative to the condition where one did not yet know one’s own outcome. In the second experimental study we further found that this interaction between the emotion of the other and the distribution situation only emerged among participants low (relative to high) in personal need for structure. Implications with respect to the relationship between overpayment and self-esteem and the interpersonal effects of emotions in this process are discussed.     

A vision of social justice in intergroup dialogue

Intergroup dialogues (IGD) – face-to-face, structured interactions between people of different social identities – is one educational intervention used to foster engagement across differences and to promote social justice. Using an 18-month case study methodology, we examined the experiences of IGD students and facilitators at one campus to gain a deeper understanding of what happens in IGD, specifically how social justice is understood and cultivated. Findings suggest that the primacy and limitations of individual experience, the tension facilitators experience about stepping in to dialogue, and the confounding nature of comfort in IGD contribute to a dialogue experience that better addresses some aspects of social justice than others.     

Nouvelles guerres justes,nouvelles guerres saintes

Holy wars and just wars are two distinct categories regarding their justification. The first claims that God himself commands and supports war or, at least, that God is the ultimate legitimization. On this side of the world, two types of holy war have existed: the crusade and the jihad. By contrast, the just war is justified by the need to deploy an awareness of uncertainty, because that war intends to be after all a prudent decision. The challenge is to class brutality under a moral action and to place war under both the criteria of legitimacy and a less inhumane violence. Totalitarianism of the twentieth century has continued holy war, even if religions have been replaced by justificatory idéologies. Today, the wars waged on behalf of human rights and under international law, such as the war in Kosovo, may be recognized as new'holy wars' conducted on behalf of an unwavering certainty: they are of a Manichean type; while a'just war' in the contemporary context is one that belongs to a particular decision, such as the American war in Iraq, and thus submitted to the uncertainty and debate, and assuming the consequences of the decision.     

英、美、法三国行政诉讼外部调整机制比较

英美法系的典型代表国家英美两国与大陆法系的典型代表国家法国,在寻求和实现公平与效率的价值平衡方面殊途回归。原因在于三国各自逐渐建立起了一套有效平衡行政诉讼价值的调整机制。面对二战后行政扩张及与其相伴的行政纠纷的增加,英、美、法三国形成了包括行政机关自身的机制调整、立法机关的机制调整、非国家机关的监督机制调整等的外部调整机制。     

罗尔斯的正义理论及其启示

罗尔斯认为正义是社会制度的首要价值,他把社会的基本结构作为自己正义理论的主题,提出了用于制度的“两个正义原则”,体现了对“社会之最不利成员”的热切关注。同时,罗尔斯还深刻全面地阐述了“形式的正义”、“实质的正义”、“程序的正义”等问题。罗尔斯的正义理论,对于我们建构公平正义的社会主义和谐社会,具有很大的启示和借鉴意义。     

论宪法变迁与宪法解释

宪法变迁具有特定的含义,它不同于宪法的产生、发展和宪法修改。通过加强宪法解释等方式实现宪法变迁,避免频繁修改宪法,有利于良好宪政秩序的构建和宪法权威的树立。宪法解释是宪法变迁的一种重要方式,有其存在的必要性和可能性。基于此,应赋予最高人民法院宪法解释权,使其与全国人大常委会解释宪法的权力衔接,形成二元宪法解释体制,并为宪法变迁的实现提供制度基础和运作机制。     

后哥本哈根时代全球气候治理呼唤正义

在国际无政府状态下,气候公共产品必须要靠各国通过合作来集体提供。而要创建应对气候变化的国际合作体系并使其持续有效,就必须以正义为本。为了使人类能够打破目前的气候变化正义悖论,就需要启动一项全球正义工程：通过阐明正义、普及正义和实现正义三步骤来催生气候道德,最终依靠人类自身的改变来逐渐复原已被改变的气候系统。     

论刑事诉讼权力配置的均衡

刑事诉讼权力配置的均衡不是指侦查、检察、审判三者权力的等量性,而是指三种权力的相互制约关系,足以使其对权利的不合法、不合理侵害降低到最低的一种状态。以此为标准检视我国刑事诉讼权力配置制度之不足,我们认为应当建立和完善如下制度:建立健全检察监督与检察控制机制,促进侦查、检察权力的均衡;完善控诉、审判互控机制,促进控诉、审判权力的均衡;建立司法审查制度,将司法权引入侦查阶段,实现侦查、审判权力的均衡。