达尔文良心进化论对欧洲近代良心论的承袭和超越

良心进化论是达尔文广义进化论中的一个不可忽略的组成部分。在达尔文之前,一大批思想家都探讨过良心问题。这些良心理论对达尔文产生了多方面的影响:达尔文像英国道德感学派以及法国思想家卢梭、德国思想家康德一样,肯定了良心这种特殊的道德感的存在及其独特价值;达尔文在考察良心起源时,从前人的良心论中吸收了很多思想内容,例如从休谟和亚当.斯密等人那里吸收了同情心在良心形成过程中起重要作用的见解。达尔文的良心起源论是西方良心论中的一大创新:它不仅把早先良心论关于影响良心的各要素进行了系统整合,而且第一次彻底“从自然史的角度”阐释了良心的起源。     

Survival at work: flexibility and adaptability in American corporate culture

Using such business self-help bestsellers as Spencer Johnson’s Who Moved My Cheese?, Harvey Mackay’s Swim With the Sharks Without Being Eaten Alive and Kevin Kelly’s New Rules for the New Economy, this article analyses a recent trend in the American business world’s use of Darwinian discourse: the increasing centrality of two specific traits – flexibility and adaptability – to corporate ‘survival’ in the 1980s, 1990s and today. The article argues that this focus on adaptability and flexibility has two especially troubling implications: individuals may be compelled to adapt ceaselessly, and the problematic idea that one can survive or succeed through sheer individual will may become naturalized.     

西方科学家视野中科学与宗教的关系

西方科学家视野中科学与宗教是和谐一致的关系。西方科学家都具有强烈的宗教信仰趋向 ,这种趋向决定了他们视野中科学与宗教的关系。但是 ,这些科学家信仰的上帝与一般人所信仰的上帝是有区别的 :一般人信仰的上帝是拟人化的上帝 ,而西方科学家信仰的上帝是安排自然秩序的上帝 ;西方科学家在从事科学活动中从不怀疑自己的追求与宗教信仰的一致性 ;科学与宗教相互依存并不存在冲突 ,科学属理性知识而宗教属人类信仰 ,二者各有不同的研究对象和目的 ,科学解决的是实然问题而宗教解决的是应然问题。     

Organizing the organism: a re-casting of the bio-social interface for our times

I present a future-oriented look at sociology and anthropology's historical appropriation of the concept of organism. The ‘future’ of which I speak is one in which the biological and technological are blending together. In cultural and science studies, the figure of the ‘cyborg’ is often discussed in this context. But the cyborg tends to be treated as a specifically ‘postmodern’ innovation, whereas the organism has always invited the cyborg's ontological ambivalence. This sensibility goes back to the dawn of both the modern biomedical sciences and the social sciences. I begin on the relatively familiar terrain of the role that emerging medical conceptions of the organism in the mid-nineteenth century played in the formation of such founding figures of sociology and anthropology as Emile Durkheim and Franz Boas. I then move to the specific ‘relativization’ of Darwin's theory of evolution that fostered turn-of-the-century conceptions of the social organism, including that emergent entity, the ‘superorganism’, which figures prominently – albeit differently – in the attempts to characterize the uniquely ‘human’ character of culture and technology. Finally I look at one very explicitly ‘constructivist’ approach to the social organism promoted by the distinguished chemist Wilhelm Ostwald, who was in turn anathematized by Max Weber in one of the original episodes of sociology's disciplinary boundary maintenance. The pride of place that Ostwald gave to ‘catalysts’ in consolidating and enhancing social organisms – from business firms to academic disciplines – earns his perspective a second look in our time. I end with directions for further exploration, which include reviving Norbert Wiener's cybernetic vision.     

“The Freak of Nature”: On Erich Fromm’s Vindication of Binomial Sexuality and the Potentials of the “Homosexual Deviation”

As a Freudian revisionist and neo-Marxist, Erich Fromm (1900–1980) lessened the import of sexuality in the individual psyche but stressed the role played by the sex differential in the distribution of power throughout history and in the post-patriarchal form of matriarchy he envisioned. Seeking to reinforce the male/female divide and heteronormativity, Fromm outlined a “New Science of Man” that readily ignored not only the challenges posed to binary sexuality by post-Darwinian critical sexologies, but also the same-sex complexities evinced by key figures of his own cultural pantheon. Regardless of his declared pursuits, however, Fromm at times expressed insights suitable to undermine the cogency of his most cherished sexual convictions. As a tool for uncovering “indubitable commonsensical axioms” as sources of alienation, Fromm’s conception of “idology” challenges his own sanction of sexual binarity and heterosexuality, thus facilitating an understanding of the individual’s sexual difference as a unique modulation of male/female intermediariness.     

进化动力学：社会科学数学化的新范式

近几十年来,社会科学的研究面貌至少在以下两方面发生了巨大改变：一是达尔文进化思想的冲击越来越大,二是数学手段获得广泛应用。进化动力学是进化生物学日益数学化的结果,兼有进化思想与数学思想双重特征。把进化动力学方法引入社会科学研究之中,将能促成进化思想与数学思想在更高的层次上实现综合,从而为以动态社会现象为主要研究对象的社会科学研究开辟广阔的发展前景,进化动力学关于人类语言进化的开创性研究为此提供了有力例证。     

A Brief History of the Theory of Evolution

Abstract

A brief history of evolutionary theory illustrates its long development and sociopolitical context. Major theoretical concepts in evolutionary theory are introduced that lay the groundwork for more detailed discussion in later texts. Two incarnations of evolutionary theory—sociobiology and evolutionary psychology—are described in some detail. Criticisms of these ideas are reviewed and evaluated. Evolutionary psychology, with its emphasis on sexual selection theory, has proven to be a rich approach, generating many new insights into human sexuality.     

Latent structures of vertical control in intergovernmental relations

Much of the work on interorganizational (IO) relations focuses on intracommunity bases of resource exchange, or what a number of writers have referred to as the “horizontal axes” of community organization and resource control. Building on earlier work in the field, the present paper extends this conceptual framework to include “vertical” dimensions of resource control as they pertain to the work relations of governmental units at the local and extralocal level. In this context, vertical control is viewed as a power-dependence relation between county-based public service agencies and their “parent” units at the state and federal level. Variations in these control relations are used to identify alaternate structures of vertical control within a set of public service programs spanning several units of government. The analysis reveals three basic types of vertical control structure each of which is shown to foster a distinct pattern of exchange relations among these units.