外商直接投资对我国劳动力就业影响的计量分析

本文利用相关统计资料,从总量时段、结构等角度对外商直接投资于我国劳动力就业影响作出计量分析,从而得出外商直接投资对我国总就业效应较小,在不同时期、不同产业就业效应具有差异性。     

A practical sampling approach for a Bayesian mixture model with unknown number of components

Recently, mixture distribution becomes more and more popular in many scientific fields. Statistical computation and analysis of mixture models, however, are extremely complex due to the large number of parameters involved. Both EM algorithms for likelihood inference and MCMC procedures for Bayesian analysis have various difficulties in dealing with mixtures with unknown number of components. In this paper, we propose a direct sampling approach to the computation of Bayesian finite mixture models with varying number of components. This approach requires only the knowledge of the density function up to a multiplicative constant. It is easy to implement, numerically efficient and very practical in real applications. A simulation study shows that it performs quite satisfactorily on relatively high dimensional distributions. A well-known genetic data set is used to demonstrate the simplicity of this method and its power for the computation of high dimensional Bayesian mixture models.     

基于IDP理论的山东省对外直接投资阶段实证分析

根据Dunning的对外直接投资发展阶段理论,山东省时外直接投资处于投资发展周期第二阶段向第三段过渡的时期,但仍滞后于本省经济发展水平。因此,省内企业应在省政府的有序引导和自身的积极努力下快速发展,促进山东省对外投资尽早步入更高阶段。     

向农村直接投资与农民增收问题

目前,我国迫切需要解决的一个问题是农民增收问题。然而,要解决这个问题不能单纯依靠国家直接或间接的财政补贴,鼓励国外或城市企业向农村直接投资是提高农民收入的最有效途径。这不但有必要性,且有可行性。政府的作用是鼓励对农村的直接投资,通过基准垄断模型及其扩展模型的分析可以看出:过小的政策扶持力度不能实现这个目的;而过大的政策扶持力度只会导致国家财政流失。企业竞争和技术扩散虽然有利于扩大就业,但是却容易打击企业进行直接投资的积极性。所以,政府必须采取切实而有效的政策,降低企业的交易成本,加强对知识产权的保护力度。此外还应该尽力扩大内需,增加市场需求。     

Ukraine war-induced sanctions against Russia: Consequences on transition economies

We analyze the spillovers of Western economic sanctions against Russia into twenty-seven transition economies of the former Soviet Union, and Central and Eastern Europe. These spillovers are measured in terms of their impact on bilateral trade and direct investments for the period of 2014–2018. We construct a new dataset to quantify each episode of Western/US sanctions against Russia. The gravity models of bilateral trade and direct investment are used and the data analysis is conducted using Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood econometric technique. We estimate that the Western and U.S. sanctions against Russia spilled over into third-party small countries. These sanctions resulted in the significant decline of exports from transition economies, Russian imports to transition economies, and Russian direct investments to transition economies. Interestingly, the direct investments to Russia from transition economies sharply increased during the same period. The quantitative estimates of the spillovers suggest the following cumulative changes. Due to an imposed sanction type (e.g., against an individual, entity or sector) each episode of Western/U.S. sanction resulted in the decline of aforementioned indicators in the range of 10.9–30.5-million-dollar/5.6–16.9-million-dollar of exports from transition economies, 6.3–17.7-million-dollar/3.3–9.8-million-dollar of Russian imports to transition economies, and 3.4–9.4-million-dollar/1.7–5.2-million-dollar of Russian direct investments to transition economies. The direct investments to Russia from transition economies increased by 10.9–30.6-million-dollar/5.7–17-million-dollar, respectively.     

基于知识产权保护的国际贸易和FDI技术溢出效应研究

国际贸易和FDI是国际技术溢出的两个重要途径。文章通过岭回归分析方法实证研究得到,在开放经济条件下,我国现阶段的知识产权保护强度正处于对外贸和外资的技术溢出有正向效应的阶段,FDI对我国的知识产权保护制度的敏感度更高。国内R&D投入对技术进步具有显著的促进作用,同时在知识产权保护下国际技术外溢和扩散作用已经成为我国经济增长的重要外部推力。但现阶段我国知识产权保护强度仍然偏低,执法力度薄弱,削弱了我国对国外FDI技术溢出的吸收水平,影响了外资的技术溢出对我国技术进步的贡献。     

中国对外直接投资的贸易结构效应

中国正在成为全球越来越重要的贸易大国和对外投资国。对外直接投资的贸易效应不仅反映在贸易规模扩张,更重要的意义在于对外直接投资对贸易结构的影响。本文对1982-2010年中国对外直接投资的贸易结构效应进行时间序列分析,发现中国对外直接投资存量滞后二期对货物贸易结构变化有积极影响;通过对2006-2010年间的七个具体行业对外直接投资的贸易结构效应进行面板数据分析,证实对外直接投资流量和存量对这些行业的进口贸易结构变化更显著,但由于数据的原因仅通过了KAO检验。两种检验结果说明,随着中国对外直接投资的发展,无论对外直接投资存量还是流量都具有一定的贸易结构效应。     

中国对外直接投资对加纳就业的影响研究

加纳共和国把对外直接投资（roI）视为转变本国经济增长的一个关键性因素。依靠商务关系和公平竞争的市场,中国致力于为加纳提供一个全新的发展模式。这种模式有别于西方风格：优先强调社会经济的稳定性,而非优先倡导民主,通过促进产品差异化和引进不同的市场竞争机制促进经济的发展。定量分析来自中国的对外直接投资流量对加纳就业的影响和作用,从2006年至2010年新产生的就业岗位总量中大约9l％来自中国对加纳的投资,其中加纳人占新就业人员的大部分,外来人员只占很少的比例。从2006年至2010年,加纳大约80％或更多来自中国的投资大部分集中在制造业、建筑业和一般贸易部门,为加纳提供了新的就业机会。     

外商直接投资、集聚外部性与环境污染

本文在新经济地理和集聚外部性的综合理论框架下,利用2003-2013年中国275个地级市面板数据对外商直接投资、集聚外部性与环境污染之间的关系进行了实证研究。空间计量结果显示,我国城市污染排放强度存在显著的正向空间相关性,而且这种正向空间正相关性随着空间距离的增加呈现有规律的减弱趋势。在控制了FDI与集聚外部性的交互作用后,FDI引入明显降低了区域污染排放强度,Mar外部性和Jacobs外部性进一步增强了FDI的减排效应,但其影响效应随着地理距离的增加呈现出倒U型曲线特征。对于不同规模的城市而言,小城市更容易受益于专业化集聚带来的Mar外部性,大中型城市更容易分享多样化集聚带来的Jacobs外部性红利。     

Univariate ARIMA Forecasts of Defined Variables

Many important variables in business and economics are neither measured nor measurable but are simply defined in terms of other measured variables. For instance, the real interest rate is defined as the difference between the nominal interest rate and the inflation rate. There are two ways to forecast a defined variable: one can directly forecast the variable itself, or one can derive the forecast of the defined variable indirectly from the forecasts of the constituent variables. Using Box-Jenkins univariate time series analysis for four defined variables—real interest rate, money multiplier, real GNP, and money velocity—the forecasting accuracy of the two methods is compared. The results show that indirect forecasts tend to outperform direct methods for these defined variables.