作为文化感应变化的间断熵——埃克森·瓦尔迪兹石油泄漏事故研究

间断熵在文化领域被定义为一种永久的衰退,是人类文化系统对环境适应灵活性的永久萎缩,它预测并解释了灾后人类系统不能重建的原因。1989年发生于埃克森·瓦尔迪兹的石油泄漏事故是一次技术性灾难,对威廉王子湾地区的商业性捕鱼和建立在生存资料基础上的社区生活模式造成了严重的影响,并在其随后的灾后重建中表现出明显的间断熵过程。究其原因在于：（1）自然资源基础受到严重损坏,影响了原有的生计方式;（2）外来援助的方向性错误或有所保留,致使当地居民的精神创伤加剧;（3）灾后地区政治生态妨碍人类与环境互动传统模式的恢复。威廉王子湾地区作为自然资源社区,代表了一种文化上适合可持续发展的能力,那么他们应该被竭力保护,而不是被排斥或消除。对此,人类学家应该致力于研究如何对抗间断熵,为预防、应对和缓解灾难创造出文化上适宜的新方法。     

魔兽与母亲——灾难的象征论

1991年10月发生在奥克兰地区的大火灾造成25人丧生,6000多人无家可归。幸存者用各种方式表达自己对这场灾难的认识,其中凸显了有关自然与文化、有序与无序、时间与空间以及传统的男女性别区分与生死等二元结构,尤其是对作为自然象征的母亲与作为灾难象征的魔兽二者之间的对立显示了自然与非自然力量的对比。人们为了解释灾难的去而复来,甚至认定灾难的发生是早已注定的、循环的,从而肯定了上帝对于自然灾害发生的控制权,由此,毁灭者也是创造者。奥克兰大火中隐含着如建筑材料的不当使用和居民区的不合理规划等技术性因素,因此其可部分归结为技术性灾难。而由于技术性灾难产生于一个文化的竞技场,而不是自然自身的,在这种情况下,能满足人们心理需求的合乎情理的灾难意象或隐喻非常少,因此,技术性灾难不会流变为神话,而是作为永远的历史而存在。综观上述过程,灾难被重新界定为＂创造性的毁灭＂,从而被赋予了一种令人敬畏的美。尽管并非所有的文化都会以上述方式去象征地表达灾难,但所有的文化在描述与解释灾难时,象征都将会是他们行动的一部分。这些象征的建立缓解或消解了灾民对于灾难的恐惧,这也可以部分解释为什么灾难多发区的居民大多不愿意搬迁。     

Case Management with Displaced Survivors of Hurricane Katrina

Abstract

Case management is a staple of post-disaster recovery, but there is limited research on this topic. Utilizing in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis, based on 78 interviews and attendance at approximately 50 public meetings, this longitudinal case study examined case management with displaced hurricane Katrina survivors in one host community between December 2005 and December 2006. Case managers identified, assessed, planned, linked, monitored, and advocated for survivors. They described engaging survivors and understanding their backgrounds and experiences as challenging. Lack of jobs, transportation, and affordable housing coupled with survivors' trauma and preexisting needs presented barriers to long-term recovery. Despite these difficulties, case managers felt positively about their efforts and identified coordination as a critical element for successful human/social services responses to natural disasters.     

Group Work as a Protective Factor for Immigrant Youth

While constructing a cultural understanding of the adaptation process of Hispanic immigrant youth, this article illustrates how social group process acts as a "protective factor" which promotes a capacity for competence and mastery over their new environment.     

Impact of the 1999 East Marmara Earthquake in Turkey

This paper studies responses to the 1999 Marmara Earthquake (Turkey) in which 18,000 people died, 50,000 people were injured, there were 5,000 building collapses and 340,000 damaged buildings, 14,513 businesses closed, 150,000 people became unemployed, and 129,338 were forced to live in prefabricated houses. This research is based on a survey comprising 500 interviews carried out a year after the earthquake. Responsible behavior as the dependent variable is statistically tested with several socio-demographic and attitude variables. The findings indicate social solidarity, knowledge, basic needs, desire for change and psychological status of the disaster survivors were all adversely affected. It was observed that education, employment, social security, knowledge and fatalism have varying impacts on responsible behavior related to preparedness for future earthquakes.     

灾害心理救助法律体系的构建

灾害的发生会使人产生心理创伤,这种心理创伤需要及时有效地进行心理救助。灾害心理救助是一项长期的系统工程,需要法律的规范和引导。因此,相关法律的制定是灾害心理救助的前提和保障。笔者探讨了灾害心理救助法律体系构建的意义,分析了当前我国灾害心理救助法律体系存在的问题,在此基础上提出了建设灾害心理救助法律体系的构想,以推进我国心理救助的法制化进程。     

发现灾民:灾害心理问题的构建

汶川地震之后,灾害心理干预实践和话语成为专家、官僚、非正常心理学知识所主导的场域,而受灾民众则被边缘化为等待解救的“无助病人”。从灾害心理干预的理论范式和实践形态探求这样一种机制得以形成的原因,可以发现仅仅将灾害视作一种刺激物的应用科学心理干预范式以及在现代性生境下对健康心理的界定共同忽视了灾害与人之间社会的、文化的相互关联性,忽视了受灾民众应对灾害的心理弹性,从而将受灾民众的灾害心理状态问题化。     

藏彝走廊的自然灾害与灾难应对本土 实践的人类学考察

藏彝走廊是一个生态多样、文化多元,同时也是自然灾害频发的民族地区。从灾难的社会属性出发,文章通过考察该地区的自然灾害和灾难应对的本土实践,分析了一些特定的自然灾害作为当地环境系统中的一种常态性特征是如何历史性和结构性地融人人们生活世界的经验图景之中的,并探讨了当地各民族如何在特定的生态环境系统和社会文化体系中如何应对具体的自然灾害风险场景。从而指出,人类学的灾难研究并非只是关注灾害现象和灾难应对本身,更是要理解人们的生活世界在可持续性方面所面临的种种困境、挑战和机遇。     

基于巨灾的灾害民族志研究及其方法

"民族志(亦称民俗学)"是人类学研究的重要手段。"灾害民族志"是将"民族志"用于减灾防灾研究的大胆尝试。它通过对选定的灾害经历者进行田野采访,收集大量个人采访资料并进行整理。通过灾害经历者自己的表述来了解和重现灾害发生和发展的过程以及人们面对灾害的反应,从中总结出规律和重要经验教训,对灾害应对和应急管理人才培训很有意义。我国在这方面研究较为薄弱,应以汶川地震救灾减灾为契机,尽早开展巨灾灾害民族志研究。     

Communicating risk to parents and those living in areas with a disaster history

This study explored how publics respond to risk communication in high probability but time-indeterminate natural disaster situations when parts of the area have been involved in a similar disaster before. An impending rockslide is expected to produce a tsunami in the fjord around Åknes in Norway. Waves may run up above sea level as high as 82 m or 269 ft. All residents (18 and older) of the four most threatened communities received a questionnaire to determine what they perceived to be useful risk information. Three hundred and eighty-two (43.6% of 875) responded. Results indicated that parents of children living within the tsunami risk zones perceived the risk information to be the most useful. Those who lived in communities that experienced a similar disaster in 1934 reported public meetings less useful than written or mediated information. Publics who lived in communities with such disaster history and those who were not parents posed special challenges in risk communication because they perceived information from the government agencies as lacking in usefulness. Therefore, committing the resources necessary to foster dialogues with a diversity of publics exposed to risk would be well served to fully understand the nature of risk communication responses, and to be able to save human lives.