Women from the Middle East and North Africa in Europe: understanding their marriage and family dynamics

The aim of this article is to assist the understanding of social workers in Europe of marriage and family dynamics among women from Middle East and North African countries who have moved to Europe. The focus of this article is on husband selection processes and family dynamics after marriage in Egypt, which is used as a case study reflecting culture and norms surrounding marriage in this region. This article reports on the findings of doctoral studies which examined marriage patterns and family dynamics in North Africa and in particular in Egypt where more in-depth data were available. The authors reflect issues surrounding values and process of marriage not only in terms of the implications for practice with social work clients or service users, but also in relation to the potential of women from this region who may join the social care workforce.     

East Asian Welfare Regimes: Testing the Hypothesis of the Developmental Welfare State

Following the three welfare regimes constructed by Esping‐Andersen, many scholars have addressed the question of whether there may be a further type of regime, differing from the categories of liberal, conservative and social democratic, pertaining to other parts of the world. Discussion has centred largely on East Asia and, in particular, on the notion of the developmental/productivist welfare regime. Yet these discussions have been based more on conceptual classification than empirical analysis. This article attempts to fill in the gap, with reference to the developmental characteristics of Taiwan, South Korea and Japan. A set of 15 indicators is developed for the factor and cluster analysis of 20 countries, based on data from the 1980s and 1990s. The results indicate the existence of a new group, consisting of Taiwan and South Korea, which is distinct from Esping‐Andersen's three regimes – unlike Japan, which remains a composite of various regime types. Regime characteristics peculiar to the cases of Taiwan and South Korea include: low/medium social security expenditure, high social investment, more extensive gender discrimination in salary, medium/high welfare stratification, a high non‐coverage rate for pensions, high individual welfare loading, and high family welfare responsibility. When compared with Esping‐Andersen's three regimes, the East Asian developmental regime shows similarity with his conservative model, in respect of welfare stratification, while the non‐coverage of welfare entitlements is similar to his liberal model. There is virtually no evidence of any similarity between the developmental welfare regime and Esping‐Andersen's social democratic regime type.     

东汉广陵郡领县确数考

东汉广陵郡,据《续汉书·郡国志》载,其治广陵,领县十一:广陵、江都、高邮、平安、凌、东阳、射阳、盐渎、舆、堂邑、海西。然据后人考证,当有海陵县的建置,《郡国志》"盖传写有脱"。但也有人认为,"海西属下邳而不属广陵",补上海陵,去掉海西,仍当领县"十一"。据史料考证,海西从未属于下邳国,而是隶属广陵郡管辖,广陵领县"十一"应为领县"十二"之误。     

美国军事介入中东石油战略利益之透析

冷战后,美国将中东石油视为其最根本的国家利益之一.经济战略利益则是这种国家利益的基础和体现.为了更有效获取和控制中东石油,美国往往通过战争来推进其石油霸权战略.20世纪九十年代以来,美国在大中东地区"牵头"发动四次战争,其实质都是"为石油而战"--以国家利益和"干涉主义"理论为幌子,以武力为后盾独霸中东石油,从而实现其经济战略利益.事实上,美国以军事手段推进的中东石油霸权战略是难以实现的.     

辽朝东京地区官学教育发展探析

辽朝东京地区的官学教育,经过不懈努力,有了较大发展,设置了东京学、府学、州学、县学等官学教育机构,建立起较为完整的官学教育体系,但东京地区官学教育的发展仍呈现出地区间的不平衡性,地方官学主要集中于汉族、渤海遗民聚居区,其它地区相对比较薄弱.这既与辽朝的治国思想与文教政策有关,又与东京地区儒家文化基础紧密相联.     

东汉后期士大夫社会拯救活动述论

东汉自和帝始,外戚宦官交替专权,政治腐败,社会危机严重,代表社会、象征国家的皇权被两派势力异化,士大夫集团的权力和利益被严重剥夺,统治岌岌可危.作为专制政权组织基础的士大夫对此忧心忡忡.为匡时救世,他们开展了一系列社会拯救活动,大致可分为舆论层面政治批判和实践层面对弊政进行的直接或间接的纠治和打击活动.士大夫的社会拯救活动对改善黑暗政治和维系东汉的统治起到了一定作用.因缺乏对君主专制制度本质的认识,士大夫对现实政治的批判很少触及深层政治结构.但其批判时弊精神使专制制度在实际运行中保持一定的舆论开放和相对独立的批评、监督力量,降低了专制制度的封闭性和随意性.     

论英国对西藏的早期“和平”渗透政策（1760—1793）

18世纪后期是英国对藏政策的早期阶段。受当时社会历史条件的限制,英国对我国西藏实行以建立直接交往关系为目的的“和平”渗透政策。由于喜马拉雅地区各国在历史上同我国西藏形成的密切关系及其在地缘政治上的屏障作用,英国东印度公司在这一地区的扩张活动同它建立英藏直接交往的尝试一样,都是其对藏渗透政策的组成部分。英国东印度公司在廓尔喀侵藏战争中的卑劣表演最终导致其早期对藏渗透政策的彻底破产。     

美国东亚遏制战略对20世纪60年代中日民间贸易的影响

20世纪60年代中日民间贸易关系在经历池田内阁时期的高速发展后,到佐藤内阁时期出现突然的降温和滑坡。导致中日民间贸易关系出现突变的关键原因在于:美国东亚遏制战略的实施改变了日本战后在亚洲的贸易结构,使得中日贸易关系对于日本经济发展的重要性大为下降;与此同时,伴随着越南战争的爆发和升级,美国要求实现日美远东战略换肩,这促使日本对其外交政策,特别是对华政策进行重大调整,以加强对美国东亚遏制战略的配合。     

布什政府对美国中东政策的调整和再调整

“9·11”事件后,布什政府大幅度调整其中东政策。出乎意料的是,调整后的政策给美国制造了许多困难和麻烦,遭到广泛的批评和抵制。美在中东逐步陷入困境。为摆脱困境,布什政府被迫再次调整政策,但又进退两难,无法找到两全之策。     

上古乡里制度与东亚文化共同体建设

家庭是中国古代社会最基本的组织单位，自上古开始，中国人自家庭由近及远不断扩展，形成了中国特有的乡里制度，由乡里制度产生出了乡土情怀，家庭、乡里都可以看作是程度不同的共同体，这些共同体是互助的利益联盟。中国人的家国情怀也是乡土情怀扩展了的较大共同体，由家国情怀再扩展到天下大同，四海一家的观念。乡土情怀和家国情怀、家国情怀和天下情怀并不是对立的。这是我们今天建立人类命运共同体观念的重要价值资源。而在建设人类命运共同体的过程中，我们需要首先重视东亚文化共同体的建设，而中日韩三国共同信奉的“忠恕”原则可以作为建立东亚共同体的基础。