论南宋浙东学派的军事思想

南宋浙东学派的学者们 ,在国家陷于分裂 ,民族处于危难之际 ,参考、研究古人用兵的进退得失 ,分析历史 ,立足现实 ,提出了丰富的军事理论 ,为实现国家的统一、百姓免于战火 ,提供了宝贵的借鉴。本文试从他们的战争观及其如何运用军事战略战术两个方面来论述其军事思想。     

分财异居:两汉豪族之家社会生活的基本形态

豪族之家,指贵族、官僚和富豪之家。这种家庭往往是“门宗广大,姻亲众多”,但是,同居共财的大家族生活并不是这些豪族之家在社会生活中的基本形态,东汉以后所谓“推财让弟”、“推财兄子”、“推财弟子”的记载比比皆是。正说明分财异居现象之普遍,真正同居共财者还是十分罕见的。     

论东汉末年传统才性观的危机

才性问题作为汉末探寻理想人物素质标准的公众话题,历史渊源久远。它在汉武帝时期因董仲舒人性论对政治人物的设想而深化,并因汉末士大夫、太学生反对外戚宦官专权的社会冲突体现了传统才性观的危机而诱生对传统才性观与现实矛盾的理论思考,使政治问题上升为思想界中的哲学问题。才性问题在作为政治问题的表象背后,蕴含了思想文化的深层意义。     

论两汉王朝西南边疆开发中的“各以地比”之治理方略

“各以地比”之治理方略,形成于西汉武帝开发“西南夷”之地,丰富、完善于两汉时期开发西南边疆的进程之中。此套方略的基本内容是,北方中原王用在稳固掌控西南北部蜀地的基础上,与蜀人一同治理巴地,并依托北部的巴蜀人对西南中、南部进行治理和开发。该方略切合酉南实际,卓有成效,对后世影响甚大。     

Emotional Climate in a European Problem Area: East Berlin and West Berlin Three Years After Reunification

In autumn of 1992, three years after the unification of Germany, during a period of violent attacks against foreigners, 120 students from East Berlin and West Berlin and 20 foreign students living in West Berlin answered the Emotional Climate Questionnaire developed by de Rivera and Fernandez-Dols. Foreign respondents expressed a positive attitude toward their government/state and believed in prosocial behavior to a greater extent than respondents from East Berlin and West Berlin. Whereas East Berlin students disagreed only somewhat with statements in favor of selfishness and egoism, West Berlin students strongly disagreed with them. We attribute the differences that were found in the answers of the foreign students to their national values. In addition, we regard the differences between the emotional climates of East Berlin and West Berlin as reflecting a climate of instability among East Berliners. We interpreted selfishness as a kind of polarized behavior indicating a climate of instability. A factor analysis revealed 5 factors of an emotional climate: Nation's Future, Just World, Reactive Egoism, Scepticism, and Basic Egoism. The concept of emotional climate is discussed on the basis of the current data.     

Gibt es (noch) etwas spezifisch Ostdeutsches im Beratungsbedarf?

Is there still something specific East German in the need for counseling? There is a specific East German background, considering the adaption of issues, contents and methods of counseling of East German top management, enterprises and institutions. In the last ten years, development in East Germany was above all a make up for the development of West German conditions. Today the trends in West and East Germany are equally faced with the reorganization of processes resulting from global standards. These are confronted with a hardly stabil economical and social basis in East Germany. The general need for counseling is determined by psychological counseling and change management.     

布什政府中东国际广播效能评析

为了缓解“9·11”事件后中东强烈的反关甚至仇美情绪，布什政府决定加大对中东的广播宣传。布什政府认为，从整体上讲，中东的媒体环境对美国是“不友好的”，甚至是“充满敌意的”；中东民众所接触到的有关美国的信息是“不真实的”，甚至是“被歪曲的”。这些“不真实”、“不可靠”的信息误导了中东民众，使他们对美国产生了“误解”和“仇恨”。正是基于这种逻辑，布什政府在“9·11”事件后不久很快建立起包括萨瓦电台、自由电视台、自由阿富汗电台等在内的中东广播网络，目的是宣传美国的外交政策，传播美国的价值观，舒缓中东民众对美国的敌意，增进中东民众对美国的好感。但是从2002年初至今的情况来看，布什政府对中东的广播宣传并没有达到预期的效果，其核心原因在于中东民众对美国中东政策的不满。     

Impacts of the Triple Global Crisis on Growth and Poverty: The Case of Yemen

Yemen is an oil‐exporting and food‐importing country with the highest levels of poverty in the Middle East and North Africa. The impacts of the triple crisis are likely to further complicate pre‐existing conditions of conflict, oil depletion and governance failure. Using a dynamic CGE model, this article finds that oil‐driven growth in 2008 dominated the negative growth impacts of the food crisis, but that growth was not pro‐poor. The financial crisis of 2009 slowed growth sharply and raised the poverty rate to 42.8%, up from 34.8% in 2005/6. Poverty continues to be higher in rural areas, where almost half the population live in poverty.     

东欧中亚国家阶级结构的变化

东欧中亚国家的社会面貌已经发生了全面而深刻的变化 ,阶级结构的变化便是这其中的重要内容。在推动阶级结构发生改变的诸多因素中 ,这些国家的历史传统、所确立的目标模式以及所推行的实际政策和具体操作方式发挥了突出的作用。今天东欧中亚国家阶级结构的面貌可以概括为 :两大基本板块 (即“上流社会”与“下层社会”的二元格局 )、四个主要阶级 (即官僚阶级、官僚资产阶级、新兴的资产阶级和小资产阶级以及雇佣劳动阶级 )。无论是就种类还是就属性而言 ,这些社会集团时下都带有鲜明的转型社会的特征。     

论东汉对南匈奴的政策

匈奴是中国古代活动在北方蒙古草原上的一个游牧民族。东汉初年,因自然灾害和匈奴统治集团内部权力之争,分裂为南、北二部。东汉对内附的南匈奴采取了政治监护、军事防护、经济援助的措施。这种以羁縻、安抚为主的民族政策,对后世历朝处理少数民族地区的事务产生了深远而积极的影响。