陕西省贫富差距与社会公平问题刍议

我国贫富差距的加剧已成为社会各界的共识。但是,在对这一问题及其社会影响的严重程度上,则存在着不同见解。本文认为不能过分迷信和依赖统计数据,也不能将基尼系数视为衡量贫富差距及其社会影响的唯一标准。本文提出社会学强调的是社会效益,追求的是社会公平。故此,应运用社会学的精英理论、隧道理论和多元视阈观来思考分析社会贫富差距现象,对这一问题进行综合治理。     

和谐社会的理论渊源

构建社会主义和谐社会是我们党在新的历史条件下对建设中国特色社会主义理论创新的重大成果,为了使我们全面、深入、系统地把握社会主义和谐社会这一理念的深刻内涵,更好地推动社会主义和谐社会的建设事业稳步向前发展,我们可以从中国传统文化中的和谐思想,西方文化中的和谐思想,马克思、恩格斯的和谐社会理论以及我们党对和谐社会的理论探索,这四个层面去追溯和谐社会的理论渊源。     

The Impact of Accident Attention,Ideology, and Environmentalism on American Attitudes Toward Nuclear Energy

This study involves the analysis of three waves of survey data about nuclear energy using a probability‐based online panel of respondents in the United States. Survey waves included an initial baseline survey conducted in early 2010, a follow‐up survey conducted in 2010 following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, and an additional follow‐up conducted just after the 2011 Fukushima, Japan, nuclear accident. The central goal is to assess the degree to which changes in public views following an accident are contingent on individual attention and respondent predispositions. Such results would provide real‐world evidence of motivated reasoning. The primary analysis focuses on the impact of Fukushima and how the impact of individual attention to energy issues is moderated by both environmental views and political ideology over time. The analysis uses both mean comparisons and multivariate statistics to test key relationships. Additional variables common in the study of emerging technologies are included in the analysis, including demographics, risk and benefit perceptions, and views about the fairness of decisionmakers in both government and the private sector.     

Limitations of P-Values and R-squared for Stepwise Regression Building: A Fairness Demonstration in Health Policy Risk Adjustment

ABSTRACT

Stepwise regression building procedures are commonly used applied statistical tools, despite their well-known drawbacks. While many of their limitations have been widely discussed in the literature, other aspects of the use of individual statistical fit measures, especially in high-dimensional stepwise regression settings, have not. Giving primacy to individual fit, as is done with p-values and R², when group fit may be the larger concern, can lead to misguided decision making. One of the most consequential uses of stepwise regression is in health care, where these tools allocate hundreds of billions of dollars to health plans enrolling individuals with different predicted health care costs. The main goal of this “risk adjustment” system is to convey incentives to health plans such that they provide health care services fairly, a component of which is not to discriminate in access or care for persons or groups likely to be expensive. We address some specific limitations of p-values and R² for high-dimensional stepwise regression in this policy problem through an illustrated example by additionally considering a group-level fairness metric.     

我国城镇不同行业职工工资分配公平性测度

我国不同行业间工资差距问题越来越受到理论界关注,但在公平性测度上存在研究不足。为此,本文依据市场效率原则、收益与风险对称原则以及社会公平原则,综合探讨我国城镇职工不同行业间工资分配公平性问题。研究结果表明：我国不同行业职工工资分配确实存在不公平现象,并且当前的不公平程度高于前十年;在不同行业之间,综合工资收益已经形成分层次状态,水利、环境和公共设施管理业,公共管理和社会组织,科、教、文、卫业的职工工资综合收益处于高层次水平;而工业,批发、住宿、租赁、服务业的职工工资综合收益处于底层次水平,其他行业介于二者之间;行业工资差距对我国城镇职工收入总体基尼系数贡献达到1/3。     

教育公平视角下高校贫困生认定之我见

教育公平是指每个社会成员在享受教育资源时得到公正和平等的对待.教育公平反映了人们在教育资源、教育机会等方面分配平等与否及其产生的原因、标准等价值评析与判断.而由于尚没有制定全国统一的家庭贫困标准,在高校贫困生认定中出现认定标准简单化、认定过程主观化、认定主体单体化、认定方法单一化等与教育公平要求相悖的现象.文章以教育公平理论为指导,结合家庭经济困难学生认定工作的实际情况,提出多维度制定认定标准、多主体参与认定工作、多方面监督认定过程、多渠道进行动态认定等可行性措施,尽量满足高校贫困生认定工作规范、公开、透明的要求.     

The FAIRSERV Model: Consumer Reactions to Services Based on a Multidimensional Evaluation of Service Fairness

The current dominant conceptualization of consumer reactions to services is the SERVQUAL model. This article proposes the FAIRSERV model as an alternative or additional conceptualization of consumer reactions to services. FAIRSERV involves seeing service evaluation through the lens of organizational fairness (justice) theory applied to the relationship between the service consumer and the service provider. FAIRSERV is premised on the claim that, especially in relational service contexts, consumers are interested in service fairness as well as service quality (service favorableness) as represented by SERVQUAL. Service fairness or justice is a multidimensional construct based on equity theory. In this article, the FAIRSERV model is tested with the SERVQUAL model in the context of information system services. The two models are used to predict service satisfaction and repatronage intention. The FAIRSERV model appears to add a significant new set of predictors of service satisfaction and repatronage intention that should be considered in the future by service providers.     

人口老龄化背景下的养老金危机--基于四维的视角

进入21世纪,人口老龄化作为一种全球性趋势正在给世界各国带来巨大的负担和成本,尤其是老龄化带来养老金的收支不平衡以及养老金模式的不可持续,给养老保险体系带来巨大挑战。而深层次的养老金危机深刻地影响着每个国家的财政收支、经济发展,甚至造成对政府的信任危机。以往的研究一般把养老金收支不平衡作为衡量养老金危机的一个重要标准。这种仅仅注重财务、而忽视其安全、公平和信任等因素的分析不利于我们把握养老金改革的重点,也不利于我们对于我国现行人口政策的反思。本文从养老金的财务、安全、公平和信任四个角度去分析我国的养老金危机,并进一步提出了对未来养老金改革应该要注意的一些原则性问题。     

Ultimatum decision-making: A test of reciprocal kindness

While fairness is often mentioned as a determinant of ultimatum bargaining behavior, few data sets are available that can test theories that incorporate fairness considerations. This paper tests the reciprocal kindness theory in Rabin (1993 Incorporating fairness into game theory and economics, The American Economic Review 83: 1281-1302) as an application to the one-period ultimatum bargaining game. We report on data from 100 ultimatum games that vary the financial stakes of the game from $1 to $15. Responder behavior is strongly in support of the kindness theory and proposer behavior weakly in support of it. Offer percentages and past offers influence behavior the most, whereas the size of the pie has a marginally significant effect on offer percentages. The data is more in support of reciprocal kindness than alternative theories of equal-split or learning behavior, although the data also weakly support a minimum percentage threshold hypothesis. As a whole, our results together with existing studies suggest that, for smaller stakes games, fairness considerations dominate monetary considerations. This has implications for more complicated naturally occurring bargaining environments in which the financial stakes can vary widely.     

Target intermediate products setting in a two-stage system with fairness concern

In a two-stage system with two divisions connected in series, fairly setting the target outputs for the first stage or equivalently the target inputs for the second stage is critical, in order to ensure that the two stages have incentives to collaborate with each other to achieve the best performance of the whole system. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) as a non-parametric approach for efficiency evaluation of multi-input, multi-output systems has drawn a lot of attention. Recently, many two-stage DEA models were developed for studying the internal structures of two-stage systems. However, there was no work studying fair setting of the target intermediate products (or intermediate measures) although unreasonable setting will result in unfairness to the two stages because setting higher (fewer) intermediate measures means that the first (second) stage must make more efforts to achieve the overall production plan. In this paper, a new DEA model taking account of fairness in the setting of the intermediate products is proposed, where the fairness is interpreted based on Nash bargaining game model, in which the two stages negotiate their target efficiencies in the two-stage system based on their individual efficiencies. This approach is illustrated by an empirical application to insurance companies.