理想的量刑制度

根据1984的量刑改革法案,美国量刑委员会为联邦刑事法律系统制定了量刑指南。但该指南既没有满足法案的期待,也没有提供一个全面性的、可操作性的制度。一个现代的、有原则的和可操作的量刑制度,应当明确首要的目标和必要的起草原则;还应当构建一个可向理想性制度转化的可操作性制度,并鼓励这个制度保持其运用的内在一致性以及能够不断的改良。     

美元利率的现状与走势研究——兼论美联储利率政策

近年来,美联储频繁使用联邦基金利率这一调节货币市场供求关系的重要工具,对美国货币市场的长短期利率以及美国经济产生了复杂的影响.2004年以来,美元短期利率总体走势先抑后扬,而长期利率总体走势先扬后抑.基于对美国2005年经济形势以及美联储利率政策回顾与总结,预测美联储将以每次加息25个基点的方式在2005年底将联邦基金利率提高到"中性水平"4.2%,10年期国债的收益率将缓慢上涨到5%,长短期利差也将进一步收窄.     

美国20世纪社会保障制度的困境及其社会影响

美国的社会保障制度发挥了保护器、安全阀和调节器的作用,并且成为现代美国资本主义制度重要的有机组成部分。但是,它却面临着财政危机、工作伦理危机和家庭危机等困境,随着人口结构的老龄化,老年危机也成为与之相关的重大社会问题。     

经济增长中的最优税收与公共支出结构(英文)

本文将Barro模型关于内生公共支出的基本特征引入chamley模型,考察了经济增长中的最优税收与公共支出结构问题。利用两阶段逆向归纳法,分别探讨了社会第一优和次优的税收与公共支出结构的一般条件,并通过一个具体例子给出了最优公共支出与税收的显示路径。最后通过数值计算,对中国的最优宏观税负水平进行了估计。     

Don't Be Frightened: It's Just a Backlog of Government Documents Serials Records

ABSTRACT

This article summarizes the presentation by Elisabeth Garner at the 26th annual North Carolina Serials Conference in 2017. Garner described the workflow she developed to reconcile previously cataloged government document serial records with newly updated U.S. Government Publishing Office (GPO) catalog records from MARCIVE, Inc., through the Cataloging Record Distribution Program (CRDP).     

A case study of Congressional hostility to agency public relations: The Federal Reserve and Senator Heflin, 1922

This is an historical case study of one US Senator's effort to reduce the public information activities of a federal agency. In 1922, Senator Thomas Heflin, an opponent of the policies of the Federal Reserve Bank, took especial umbrage at the Bank's use of public relations to reply to his own attacks on it. This is an example of a politician trying to muzzle government public relations regardless of fairness or reciprocity.     

Midnight regulations and the Cinderella effect

Recent studies have shown preliminary evidence of a tendency for outgoing administrations to generate a flurry of last-minute regulatory activity. This so-called Cinderella effect is described as resulting from the combination of an administration being in power yet, because it is out-going, not being subject to political ramifications from its actions. In this paper, we look at monthly regulatory activity over the past 30 years and compare the baseline growth in regulations (measured using the proxy of pages in the Federal Register) to the growth immediately following a Presidential election when the sitting President is re-elected, not re-elected, and when the party in control of the White House changes. We find significant evidence supporting the existence of a Cinderella effect.     

解析澳大利亚联邦运动的社会基础

澳大利亚联邦运动是19世纪后澳大利亚民族与民族国家形成过程中的重大事件之一。因拥有稳固的社会基础,这场运动得以在“平坦而畅通的”道路上发展,进而彰显出澳大利亚现代化发展的特征———在平稳的嬗变中完成深刻的变革。     

Turf disputes within federal systems: Leadership amidst enforceable checks and balances

Organizational leadership is a complex set of interdependent processes that occur within specific contexts. This article explores the case of leadership within a federal system where the members have legally enforceable powers, they operate within a system of checks and balances, there is no single “boss,” and the goal is not solely efficiency. Federal systems provide alternative mechanisms for managing change and organizational leadership. Terms are defined to derive a model of turf disputes. This model is applied to the historical case of the “turf war” between a U.S. President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the U.S. Senate over his 1937 attempt to “pack” the U.S. Supreme Court. This leads to a more general discussion of turf disputes and their occurrence. They are manifestations of underlying, unresolved authority-task gaps which become virtual-like organizational arrangements. The LAMPE (Leadership, Authority, Management, Power, and Environments) theory of organizational leadership appears to be appropriate for analyzing organizational leadership in federal systems.     

美国联邦政府对州际贸易的调控

随着美国联邦政府对经济调控权力的历史演变 ,美国联邦宪法中的“州际贸易条款”历年来产生了丰富案例 ,美国建国初期的主要案例 ,体现了联邦和各州政府调控州际贸易的权限。新政前后 ,最高法院的司法哲学发生了转变 ,州际贸易条款的法院解释亦随之发生变化。由此可见 ,随着资本主义生产规模和贸易范围的扩展 ,不仅联邦调控权力本身显著扩张 ,而且联邦政府可利用贸易调控权为手段 ,去实现宪法未明确授权的目的。