Health care privatization processes in Europe: Theoretical justifications and empirical classification

This article analyses the health care system reform process in Europe based on the concept of privatization. This notion is understood from two perspectives. First, privatization may concern the health care financing or the provision of health services. Second, privatization can be “imposed” on individuals or be “internalized” and then introduced by individuals (patients and doctors). So we emphasize the diversity that privatization can assume. We classify privatization mechanisms used by different countries and identify which of the perspectives presented are more common in 14 European Union countries since the 1980s. The article shows that even if privatization processes are widespread, they assume different patterns in each country.     

均布荷载下平面弧形梁内力分析与简化计算

本文分析并推求了均布荷载下平面弧形梁的弯矩、扭矩计算公式，并提出弯矩的简化计算方法。通过对比表明，其计算精度满足工程设计的要求。     

La flexibilité, une arme contre le chômage? Analyse empirique du marché du travail espagnol

L'Espagne a connu en 2010 et 2012 deux réformes majeures du marché du travail. Celles-ci reposaient sur l'idée qu'il suffisait d'accroître la flexibilité du travail et de décentraliser la négociation collective pour faire baisser le chômage (thèse de la flexibilité). Les auteurs estiment pour leur part que le comportement du chômage dépend largement de la demande et de la structure sectorielle de l'économie (thèse structurelle). Ils évaluent l'apport de ces deux hypothèses dans une analyse reposant sur des données de panel de niveau infranational. Leurs résultats tendent à infirmer la thèse de la flexibilité et font ressortir le rôle primordial des facteurs cycliques et structurels.     

Expanding social health protection in Cambodia: An assessment of the current coverage potential and gaps,and social equity considerations

The Royal Government of Cambodia recently launched its National Social Protection Policy framework to strengthen and expand social security and assistance. To inform social health protection policy, we examine socio-economic survey data and administrative coverage data to assess the coverage potential of existing coverage mechanisms and current gaps; and compare equitable contribution rates. Over 53 per cent of the population currently has no social health protection coverage mechanism, and about 16 per cent of the population who do have access to a mechanism are not yet enrolled. Current expansion efforts focus on the formal employee scheme, primarily benefiting individuals from higher income households. In addition, recent coverage expansion to some informal workers leaves significant gaps, particularly among the informal sector. We find out-of-pocket health care expenditure to be an excessive share of income among lower wealth quintile individuals and conclude they are financially vulnerable. Finally, we illustrate that an equitable approach to individual, monthly health care contributions among the lower three quintiles has a severely limited potential for revenue generation, and collection costs could exceed the amount collected. Therefore, we recommend that vulnerable groups should be exempted from contribution payments as social health protection is expanded.     

Le débat sur la flexibilité du marché du travail en Inde: une contribution théorique

Le débat sur la flexibilisation du marché du travail indien porte notamment sur l'autorisation administrative de licenciement pour les entreprises de plus de 100 salariés. Le plaidoyer en faveur de sa suppression (ou de l'élévation du seuil) est étayé par Basu, Fields et Debgupta (2009). L'auteur conteste leur argumentation théorique en faveur de l'embauche et du licenciement au gré de l'employeur, avec libre signature d'un contrat, et démontre que leur conclusion politique est logiquement insoutenable, même dans le cadre de leur modèle. Le plaidoyer pour la flexibilisation du marché du travail et la liberté contractuelle s'en trouve infondé.     

Scriptes de la démocratie : les sténographes et rédacteurs des débats (1848-2005)

The history and sociology of a special group of civil servants are presented, namely: stenographers in parliament, an occupation closely tied to the history of parliamentary government in most democracies. During the xixth century, French stenographers proposed their services to legislative bodies. They tested and validated their theoretical systems and know-how while promising to contribute to a much higher public good: the publication of parliamentary proceedings, a necessity for defining and developing democracy. Following a system for recording proceedings that was close to the British liberal model, a corps of stenographers was established in 1848, and then again under the Third Republic-without interruption up till 2004. The duty of these civil servants was to produce the full, official account of parliamentary proceedings, which would serve as proof for the press and for history. Based on original material drawn from sociology and history, this inquiry seeks to see how institutions are shaped, produced and reproduced through the knowledge and deeds that incarnate values and shape institutions. Besides the publication of parliamentary proceedings, the technical, material and social conditions are discussed that led the National Assembly to become a political institution.     

连续刚构桥合龙顶推力优化计算方法

预应力砼连续刚构桥因其施工简单、造价经济、受力合理、行车舒适等优势迅速发展,但成桥后混凝土收缩、徐变及温度变化将对连续刚构桥主梁和桥墩的变形及内力产生较大影响.结合州河大桥工程实例,充分考虑确定顶推力的主要因素,对连续刚构桥合龙前顶推量取值进行研究.结果表明,合理的顶推力能显著地改善桥墩的受力.     

超高压地层组合套管的优化设计

国内许多油田深部地层的径向超高压,导致套管大量被挤毁变形,严重影响了油气的正常生产,针对这个问题,本文根据弹性力学中的厚壁简理论和机械优化设计理论,提出了组合套管的优化设计方法。用该方法设计的组合套管,可有效地防止深部软岩地层的径向超高压所引起的套管变形或挤毁。     

广西农村社会发展对出生人口性别的影响分析

人口性别结构失衡对社会稳定和可持续发展都有不利的影响.相对城镇而言,广西上世纪80年代以来农村出生人口性别结构失调尤为严重.占人口多数的农村是广西出生人口性别比失调的主要根源.要解决好农村的人口问题,除了认真落实计划生育政策外,还要改善农村的社会环境,包括提高农村人口的文化素质,促进农村经济的发展,这样才能使农村家庭从...     

《南赣乡约》社会治理思想的得与失

王阳明《南赣乡约》一文设计了乡约这个基层自治组织形式.王阳明以他对基层社会的深刻了解,对乡村社会不同层次、不同情况的人规定了不同的礼法责任,对乡村社会生活各个方面的弊病进行了针对性的诊治,并将主要责任落实到约长等士绅阶层身上,使这些社会弊病能够得到有效地解决.同时,王阳明还设计了一个合理而简单易行的基层社会自治程序,这是王阳明《南赣乡约》的价值所在.但是,《南赣乡约》也有一个重大的失误,就是极大地挤压了普通民众的自由空间,为恶势力的扩张提供了更多的可能,这同样不利于乡村社会的治理.