Risky Business: Breastfeeding Promotion Policy and the Problem of Risk Language

Over the past decades, the rhetoric surrounding breastfeeding promotion policy has been increasingly focused on couching formula feeding in terms of “risk” rather than, as had been the norm, focusing on the “benefits” of breastfeeding. We examine this major policy shift in breastfeeding promotion and public health efforts. Analyzing qualitative data collected from 214 expectant mothers exposed to differently worded breastfeeding promotion materials, we identify several overwhelming trends in evaluations of the materials by those women exposed to “risk” language. These trends, we argue, point to strategic and normative reasons to reconsider this policy shift to the language of risk.     

鱼类早期生活史的营养与摄食

鱼类早期生活史可划分为胚胎期、仔鱼期和稚鱼期,其营养包括内源性、外源性和混合性三种类型。仔鱼必须在卵黄耗尽前的短时间内建立起外源性摄食,否则,便进入饥饿期。仔鱼的初次摄食率和摄食强度均取决于仔鱼的摄食效率,并随着日龄的增加而增加。摄食节律主要受光照强度的影响。仔鱼对饵料的选择随着日龄的增加而变化,同时与饵料的大小、种类、密度等因素有关。     

周线上复积分的几种算法

通过典型例题,恰当运用复变函数论中有关复积分的基本理论与方法,系统地给出了周线上的复积分的八种不同的计算方法.     

China＇s Ranking Rises in the Mothers＇ Index

正On May 6,2014,Save the Children,an international charity,issued its report of State of the World's Mothers 2014.Among the Mothers’Index covering178 countries in the world,China ranks the 61st,an increase of 7 positions over the previous year.This is the 15th year     

The Mother Who Didn't See Her Baby and the Hospital That Didn't See the Psychiatrist

Abstract

This paper discusses the initiation of an infant preschool child psychiatric consultation service in a tertiary level paediatric hospital, where there had been no service such as this in the past ten years. The case presented illustrates the complex nature of both feeding disorders in infants and the cases seen in this tertiary level institution. It also describes a parallel process: The mother who was uninvolved with her infant and the hospital that was indifferent to the child psychiatric-consultation service development process. An understanding of the psychodynamic aspects of the child, the mother, and the interactions between the medical team and the child psychiatrist were crucial to the success of the treatment. This psychodynamic understanding is also essential to the development of a continuing working relationship between the child psychiatric-consultation liaison service and the hospital.     

Factors that influence women’s decision on infant feeding: An integrative review

BackgroundMany women stop breastfeeding earlier than what they intended prior to birth. Although there are many studies that focus on the factors that influence women’s antenatal breastfeeding decisions, the factors that influence women’s decisions during the continuum of antenatal and postnatal period are less known.AimTo understand and synthesise the contemporary factors that influence women’s decisions on infant feeding from the antenatal period and across the breastfeeding continuum.MethodFive online databases (CINAHL, Medline, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched. We included original search articles that were published since 2015 to August 2021 and were available in English. The framework of Whittemore and Knafl was used to guide this integrative literature review. Out of the 872 articles identified, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria of our study. We used theory of birth territory and midwifery guardianship to synthesise the interactions between the themes.FindingsFive main themes were identified: (a) Women’s own views, (b) Family and friend’s preferences and advice, (c) Health professional’s preference, advice and practice, (d) Sociocultural norms, and (e) Media representation. The interaction between the themes was explained based on women’s intrinsic and extrinsic power outlined in the birth territory and midwifery guardianship theory.ConclusionThe factors that influence women’s decisions towards infant feeding methods are complex and multi-dimensional. Promoting and supporting women towards breastfeeding need to focus on the factors that are tailored for a woman within her social network where she can feel safe about her breastfeeding decisions.     

Factors influencing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women’s breastfeeding practice: A scoping narrative review

BackgroundThe nutritional and health benefits of breastfeeding for infants and young children are well-established however rates of breastfeeding initiation and duration for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children are lower than non-Indigenous children.AimTo describe factors influencing breastfeeding practice amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women.MethodsA scoping narrative review was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute framework. A search was conducted in four online databases (PubMed, Scopus, ANU SuperSearch, and Science Direct). Findings were analysed using [30] narrative synthesis.FindingsThis review included 9 journal articles, a conference summary and a book. This review identified four factors influencing women’s breastfeeding practice; sources of support, culturally appropriate care, intention to breastfeed and social determinants.ConclusionMultiple social determinants resulting from colonization have interrupted traditional infant feeding practices and women’s sources of support. Although Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women have strong intention to breastfeed, their breastfeeding outcomes are impacted by lack of pro-breastfeeding support when encountering breastfeeding challenges as well as norms surrounding the use of infant formula milk. Culturally appropriate care is essential for identifying women’s needs and avoiding stereotyping. Further research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of breastfeeding interventions for this group of women.     

Women who experience feelings of aversion while breastfeeding: A meta-ethnographic review

ProblemLimited literature is available about women who wish to breastfeed but experience unexpected feelings of aversion in reaction to their infant suckling at the breast while breastfeeding.BackgroundBreastfeeding benefits mothers, infants and society yet breastfeeding rates continue to fall below recommendations in part due to inadequate tailored support after hospital discharge. Influences on breastfeeding are complex and include many physiological, psychosocial and cultural factors.AimTo better understand the experience of women who have feelings of aversion during breastfeeding by synthesising the existing literature.MethodsMEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Maternity and Infant Care databases were searched for relevant literature published between 2000 to 2019. Using Covidence software, five qualitative research studies were identified. Studies were then analysed using meta-ethnographic qualitative synthesis.FindingsFeelings of aversion during breastfeeding were described as visceral and overwhelming; leading to feelings of shame and inadequacy. This synthesis identified five findings; a central conceptual category of “it’s such a strong feeling of get away from me” with four key metaphors translated from this central conceptual category: “I do it because I feel it is best for my baby”, “I can’t control those feelings”, “I should be able to breastfeed my son and enjoy it”, and “I’m glad I did it”. This phenomenon may negatively affect a women’s sense of self and impact on the mother-infant relationship.ConclusionSome women who want to breastfeed can experience feelings of aversion while breastfeeding. The feelings of ‘aversion’ while breastfeeding can inhibit women from achieving their personal breastfeeding goals.