福柯的微观权力观——一种科学知识的政治学分析

福柯的微观权力理论以其独特视角和方法,通过对知识、理性等的考古学研究以及对刑罚、疯癫、性等文化边缘现象的分析,展开了对权力和知识关系的深入思考。这种对权力和知识关系的思考及其微观权力理论,事实上成为一种科学知识的政治学分析。     

Beyond normalization and impairment: theorizing subjectivity in learning difficulties – theory and practice

Normalization and social role valorization continue to play a central role in shaping debates and practice relating to learning difficulties. In the context of recent arguments this paper draws on the work of Foucault to deconstruct these theories. Foucault’s work alerts us to a conceptual confusion at their heart which reproduces a common but problematic individual–society dualism. There is an implicit, and problematic, presence in the theories of a pre‐social individual conceived as having essential impairments and who is passive in the face of negative socialization. We propose that Foucault’s ‘ethical’ domain of inquiry, with its concern for how people actively understand themselves and govern their conduct in relation to specific values and a ‘truth’ that they are obliged to recognize in themselves, provides the basis for returning the individual‐as‐subject to theories in an active, critical manner.     

福柯的微观权力论解读

长期以来,传统权力理论主要以政治领域内的国家权力为主要关注点,形成传统权力观在政治领域内的单极延伸。福柯通过对权力的微观分析,结合现代社会权力的特征,向人们展开了一种崭新的社会权力视角。福柯关于权力问题的研究对当代权力理论的发展具有重要意义。     

Researching the history of social work: exposition of a history of the present approach

This paper provides an exposition of Michel Foucault's ‘history of the present’ in order to make the case for its relevance to the study of social work history. It sets out the general principles underpinning this practice and considers its application to a particular research question relating to history of child welfare and protection social work in the Republic of Ireland. The paper seeks to highlight the challenges involved in its use and illuminate its potential value as an approach for researching the history of social work. It is concluded that this exposition offers one appropriate approach that could be employed within the growing field of social work history research across Europe.     

Beyond Identity: Queer Values and Community

This essay traces the movement within the LGBT community from relying on identity politics to considering a politics of value as a political and community-forming strategy. In the process, the author uses the work of Michel Foucault to think through how the articulation of shared values might open up personal, communal, and political possibilities otherwise delimited when LGBT people think of themselves within the confines of separate, and often separating, identity categories.     

福柯“公共性”之辩

围绕公共性这一话题,学界大多在开放而非封闭、权利与责任、交往理性与主体间性等启蒙与反思体系之中展开。而对于知识社会学领域中的福柯来说,公共性的话语不是体现在“公共性”的思辨体系上,而是隐含于保卫社会及其旨趣之中。在福柯的研究视域里,社会由公众、知识、权力、现代性意义的启蒙及相关社会事实构成。这种结构的本质即为具有开放、联结、互动、批判等属性的公共性。知识之公共性、权力之公共性以及启蒙之公共性即为福柯社会学视域中公共性及其关怀对象。就归属主体来说,公共性属于社会公众。就知识社会学视域的公共性而言,已有的知识需要反省;未开启或有意回避的研究对象需要纳入;构成社会结构、社会组织支撑点的权力需要重新检讨;而极具理性意义的启蒙也需要反思与批判。福柯独具匠心地提出,“被屈服的知识”应该进行一场知识翻转,沿此路径,公共性的关切对象应超越专断与狭隘,这即为保卫社会公共性的关键。      

A “Different Economy of Bodies and Pleasures”?: Differentiating and Evaluating Sex and Sexual BDSM Experiences

ABSTRACT

This study examines how BDSM participants understand sexual experiences. Data are drawn from 32 in-depth, semistructured interviews and discussion-board threads from a large BDSM community Web site. The analysis suggests that many BDSM participants perceive sexual BDSM experiences as not only significantly different from but also better than mainstream or “vanilla” sex. Three primary differentiation mechanisms are identified. First, BDSM participants constructed sex as requiring genital contact, while framing sexual BDSM as creating sexual fulfillment not requiring normative indicators of sexual experiences (e.g., orgasm). Second, participants constructed sexual BDSM as centered on emotional and mental experiences, while perceiving sex as being centered on physical experiences. Third, participants perceived sexual BDSM experiences as facilitating deeper interpersonal connections than those available in sex. Importantly, these mechanisms serve not only a differentiating but also an evaluative function. Most participants in this study reported a strong preference for sexual BDSM over sex.     

“主体位置”与身份/认同政治

“主体位置”是身份/认同政治的一个核心问题。以“主体位置”取代“主体”,是结构主义和后结构主义哲学的一项重要议题。福柯的主体位置理论提供了两点启示：一是揭示建构主体位置的话语权力机制;二是确立反本质主义的身份政治观。后殖民主义、女性主义、后马克思主义等流派践行了这两条路线。其中,“去除认同”已经成为新的发展趋向。身份/认同政治应当注意吸收传统马克思主义的政治经济学,不仅要关注人们在话语系统、意义系统中的位置,也要关注其在经济系统、国家政治系统中的位置。     

The Causal Power of Discourse

This paper outlines a realist approach to the social ontology of discourse. It seeks to synthesise some elements of the approach to discourse found in the early work of Michel Foucault with a critical realist understanding of the causal power of social structures. It will argue that discursive structures can be causally significant when they are normatively endorsed and enforced by specific groups of people; that it is not discourse as such but these groups—discursive circles—that are causally effective; and that such an account allows us to reconcile the role of discourse with that of the subject.     

Race,Power and Social Action in Neighborhood Community Organizing: Reproducing and Resisting the Social Construction of the Other

Scholars argue in favor of social action in community organizing to address the oppression experienced by racialized groups. This study examines how community organizing practice in one diverse neighborhood constructed race to understand the potential for social action. Using interview and observational data with 16 community organizers working in 1 diverse, low-income neighborhood in Québec, Canada, I examine the social construction of race through the lens of postcolonial theory and the writings of Michel Foucault. I argue that a discourse of neutrality existed among community organizers, which was tied to state policy and a colonial discourse embedded therein. The resulting disconnect between race and power in community organizing practice not only forecloses on social change efforts, it also extends a state-driven nation-building agenda into community. As the basis for an anticolonial approach to neighborhood community organizing, I juxtapose the discourse of neutrality in community organizing with strategies that recoupled race and power by drawing attention to efforts among community organizers that were antagonistic to the discourse.