To Leave an Area After Disaster: How Evacuees from the WTC Buildings Left the WTC Area Following the Attacks

How people leave a devastated area after a disaster is critical to understanding their ability to cope with risks they face while evacuating. Knowledge of their needs for communications about these risks is particularly crucial in planning for emergency responses. A convenience sample of 1,444 persons who survived the World Trade Center (WTC) attacks on September 11, 2001 were surveyed to ascertain their initial and ultimate destinations once they had left the buildings, how they arrived there, the role of types of obstacles they encountered, and the need for information and the seeking of other people as potential factors in influencing the process of leaving immediately. This survey was part of a larger, original survey. Results showed differences in how people traveled by mode to initial and ultimate destinations, how immediately they left the area, and factors associated with when they left. How they traveled and when they left were associated with where people lived, their tendency in times of stress to seek out other people including who they knew in the immediate area (e.g., co‐workers or friends), the physical conditions surrounding them, and the importance to some of waiting for more information. Many people indicated they did not leave immediately because they had no information about where to go or what services would be available to them. Perceptions and communications about risks they were facing were reflected in the choices they considered in how and when to leave the area. These findings have numerous ramifications for understanding and guiding personal behavior in catastrophic situations.     

鲁迅的新诗创作

鲁迅的新诗理论内容丰富，见解深刻，是我国新诗宝库中的珍贵财富；他的新诗创作对我国新诗的成长和发展起到了助威和推动作用；他的新诗独具风格，自成一家，基思想性和艺术性达到了高度统一。     

中国农业在加入WTO后面临的主要问题及对策

中国加入WTO后 ,农业将是受到冲击最大的行业之一。中国农业的发展条件、生产力水平与主要发达国家和一部分发展中国家还有一定的差距。因此 ,针对中国农业的现状 ,分析加入WTO后面临的主要问题 ,并提出中国农业发展的基本对策 ,很有必要     

对散手运动员疲劳产生机制及其恢复手段的探讨

进入21世纪以来,散手比赛中运动员技术水平和竞技能力日益提高,其运动特点决定了要对运动员进行高强度、高密度的训练。这就难免在运动和训练过程中出现疲劳,必将对系统训练和运动寿命等造成影响,怎样恢复便成为了一个重要的问题,本文针对散手运动员疲劳产生的原因,提出了疲劳恢复的方法和手段。     

山曲、爬山调和信天游的共性研究

本文从民歌的命名、歌词的形式、曲调的特征,以及方言的运用、人口的交流等方面,试图证明流传于我国冀、蒙、晋、陕、甘、宁、青、新八省区局部地区的两句头山歌——“山曲”,也就是“爬山调”和“信天游”。它流布广阔,传唱久远,影响浓重,歌词与西北方言区内的晋方言有关,传布与我国历代人口长期反复地大规模流动有关。     

Effects of Remanufacturable Product Design on Market Segmentation and the Environment

Despite documented benefits of remanufacturing, many manufacturers have yet to embrace the idea of tapping into remanufactured‐goods markets. In this article, we explore this dichotomy and analyze the effect of remanufacturable product design on market segmentation and product and trade‐in prices by studying a two‐stage profit‐maximization problem in which a price‐setting manufacturer can choose whether or not to open a remanufactured‐goods market for its product. Our results suggest that it is optimal for a manufacturer to design a remanufacturable product when the value‐added from remanufacturing is relatively high but product durability is relatively low and innovation is nominal. In addition, we find that entering a remanufactured‐goods market in and of itself does not necessarily translate into environmental friendliness. On the one hand, the optimal trade‐in program could result in low return and/or remanufacturing rates. On the other hand, a low price for remanufactured products could attract higher demand and thereby potentially result in more damage to the environment. Meanwhile, external restrictions imposed on total greenhouse gas emissions draw criticism in their own right because they risk stifling growth or reducing overall consumer welfare. Given these trade‐offs, we therefore develop and compare several measures of environmental efficiency and conclude that emissions per revenue can serve as the best proxy for emissions as a metric for measuring overall environmental stewardship.     

FTA 背景下新西兰对中国农产品出口增长分析

根据UN Comtrade数据库中贸易数据,采用恒定市场份额模型,对1997—2012年期间新西兰向中国农产品出口增长的影响因素进行了实证研究。结果表明,中国进口需求的增长是新西兰对中国农产品出口大幅增长的主要原因。在中国－新西兰自由贸易区建立后,增长效应对出口增长的带动作用明显减弱,商品效应和整体竞争效应贡献率有所回升,表明中国－新西兰自贸区建立后新西兰向中国出口的农产品结构有所优化,且在中国市场的整体竞争力提高;不同种类的农产品影响新西兰向中国出口农产品贸易额增长的因素有一定差异。     

上海自贸区外商投资“负面清单”的挑战与应对

上海自贸区外商投资“负面清单”管理模式的提出,有利于我国外商投资规则逐步与国际通行规则接轨,也将开启我国改革开放新的篇章。本文从宏观监管措施和产业开放两个层面,分析了“负面清单”面临的主要挑战和应对措施。初步结论为:宏观监管层面,政府应该逐步让位于市场,减少政府的审批事项,加快落实从事前监管向事中、事后监管的转变;另外,消除隐形壁垒,自贸区内给予外商企业真正的“准入前国民待遇”。产业开放层面,上海自贸区的产业开放应以金融业的开放先试先行;其次,联合天津和广东等新批准设立的自贸区,在各自成熟且有优势的行业破冰改革,为我国下一步的改革开放提供更为完备的可复制、可推广的经验。     

要素分工与中国开放战略的选择

经济全球化的发展是国际分工不断深化的必然结果。经济全球化发展到当代出现了许多新的特征,其内在动因是当代国际分工形式正在从产品分工向要素分工发展。在要素分工环境中,决定现在和未来中国在国际分工交换中所获利益的,不再取决于进口什么、出口什么,而是参与了什么层次的国际分工,是以什么样的要素、什么层次的要素参与国际分工,对整个价值链的控制能力有多少。中国必须适应要素分工的发展环境,确定合适的发展战略。     

贸易开放、制度变迁与经济增长--基于不同国家规模和发展水平的比较分析

关于经济增长源泉的探讨一直没有停止过。最近的研究已经不满足于对引起经济增长直接原因的讨论,而是分析在这些直接原因的背后,是什么因素决定了一国要素积累和创新的速度。其中国际贸易、制度质量和地理因素这三者被认为是引起经济增长更深层次的原因。对于不同经济发展水平和国家规模的各国而言,这三者在经济增长中的相对作用大小并不完全一致。