周代的封国是否城邦——兼与希腊古典城邦的比较

周代的封国是否城邦?学术界有截然相反的两种看法。由于分封与宗法是合一的,在封国制下,“天下”的关系就既是诸侯与天子的封建关系,又是小宗对大宗的宗法关系,封国制具有双重性,其内部隐藏着统一和分立的矛盾。把封国称作城邦,等同于希腊古典城邦,和把周的政治体系称作统一的中央集权制度,把封国说成与希腊城邦决然相反,毫无共通之处,都是片面的。只有把握住了统一和分立的内在矛盾,才可以理解周代的封国制,也有助于理解古典城邦制的特点。     

战国时期荒政的特征

战国时期荒政有了飞跃发展,集中体现在防灾能力的大大提高,表明人类与自然灾害的斗争进入了一个新的发展阶段。     

夏商周与山东

夏商周断代工程集中解决的是年代学问题 ,因此 ,当时讨论的考古文化只涉及河南、河北、山西、陕西和北京等地区 ,山东不在其列。但从历史学角度看 ,山东古文化实与夏商周王朝关系密切。在夏王朝时期 ,其主要的附属方国穷、寒浞等均在山东。商王朝时期 ,商王南庚、阳甲曾都于奄 ,据考证 ,当时的奄就在山东兖州、滕州一带。据甲骨文记载 ,商末帝辛时曾“征夷方” ,结合青铜器铭文可知其具体路线为兖州———新泰———青州———潍坊。西周时期 ,山东有许多重要封国 ,齐国、鲁国之外 ,还有纪国、莱国、滕国等等。到了春秋时期 ,各地诸侯与周王室的关系开始疏远 ,但山东地区的诸侯国则仍与王室保持着相当密切的关系     

社会进化模式与中国早期国家的社会性质

根据学界对夏商奴隶制社会的认定,文章探讨了前苏联社会进化模式和意识形态对学术思维的影响。在介绍和讨论了国内外学界对相关问题的认识后,文章呼吁考古学要走出一味收集资料、囿于文献和公式化概念进行研究的倾向,力求从具体的材料来客观探究中国早期国家的社会性质,为世界早期文明探源作出自己独特的贡献。     

从王铎死因看晚唐藩镇之祸及落第士人的心态

中和四年 ,新任义昌节度使王铎在赴任途中 ,被魏博节度使乐彦祯之子从训劫杀。这一事件是唐王朝在面临崩溃之际 ,中央政府与藩镇之间 ,以及朝中权贵与广大寒门士子之间矛盾激化的结果。文章试图从王铎死因入手 ,对晚唐的藩镇之祸及广大落第士人的心态进行简要的剖析 ,以此证明这一事件在晚唐的典型意义     

16-18世纪间西欧的激进思潮与近代国家的形成

16—18世纪间西欧出现过各种各样的激进思潮,这些思潮在西欧近代国家形成中均起过重要作用。我们习惯上较多地重视某些思潮,认为这些思潮起主导性的作用,这有一定的道理,但也易于造成一些片面的认识。各种被认为非主流的激进思潮的传播和实践,同样在西欧近代国家形成过程中起过重要作用。只有这样来看问题,我们才能真正认识西欧近代国家形成的特点。     

Sex Matters

Feminists increasingly recognize that “sex,” as a reference to embodied male–female difference, is no less socially constructed than “gender.” Like all signifiers, the meaning of these terms is produced through contingent and particular historical processes; yet histories of “how sex was made” are rare. This essay draws on extensive, multidisciplinary research – focused through a lens of early (archaic) state making – to render a partial and provisional genealogy of sex. The schematic history begins with early human social formations and the “agricultural revolution” that marked a shift from food gathering to food producing. It then reviews the defining characteristics – in particular, the invention of writing – and attendant inequalities of early/archaic state-formation (urbanization; the “rise of civilization”). The centralization of Greek city-states has particular, indeed profound, relevance for what is conventionally called the “western tradition.” The essay then directs attention to the Athenian polis, not only because it exemplifies features of early states, but because modern interpretations of classical texts and Athenian practices uniquely shaped European political theory/practice; in particular, by naturalizing hierarchies of gender, sexuality, ethnicity/race, class and national “difference.”     

The “Feeling of Knowing,” the Psychedelic Sensorium,and Contemporary Neuroscience

ABSTRACT

Noetic insight involves direct access to knowledge beyond that which is available through the five senses or through reason. It typically has to do with sensing the interconnectedness of all things, and is informed by a feeling that one knows but without knowing how. Psychedelic substances constitute one vehicle for the production of noetic experiences. Using a biopsychosocial approach, this article explores the shifting contexts for the enjoyment and analysis of noetic experience in twentieth-century American popular and scientific culture, beginning with the psychedelic revolution and culminating in the “quantum computer” turn of brain (and mind). It emerges that the ‘feeling of knowing’ may be a sensory ability after all, and a key to understanding many other forms of anomalous cognition.     

Litigant participation and success in water rights cases in the Western States

Over the years, many decisions concerning the rights to water resources have been addressed in state legislatures and federal courts; however, the majority of decisions concerning the conflicting demands over water have been addressed in state courts. This study examines the body of water rights cases heard in state supreme courts of the eleven Western states and focus on litigant participation and success. The data set includes all the water rights cases decided between 1972 and 2008 in the eleven western state high courts (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming). The study explores the propensity of different types of litigants to initiate water rights cases at the state supreme court level, and also examines litigation patterns to determine which litigants are the targets of these appeals. Galanter's (1974) party capability theory is used to help explain patterns of litigant success.     

Human rights,cultural practices,and state policies: Implications for global social work practice and policy

Effective practice in a global world requires knowledge and understanding of diverse cultures. Most social workers around the world are committed to values and policies that enhance the well‐being of especially vulnerable populations and that protect their human rights. However, not all cultural practices or policies place the same value on human rights and the protection of vulnerable populations, a situation that may result in conflicts for social workers, who have an ethical obligation to advocate for human rights as well as to be sensitive to their clients' cultural contexts. Based on multidisciplinary research and contemporary examples of gender discrimination, forced marriages, child labor, and female genital mutilation, this article proposes resolutions to this conflict. It concludes by suggesting practices and policies that might help social workers to strike an effective balance between cultural diversity and the promotion of human rights. Key Practitioner Message: ● Social workers are best placed to understand individuals and communities within their various cultural contexts; ● Social work practice and policy should be sensitive to cultural practices that may undermine human rights and the well‐being of vulnerable populations; ● Guided by professional values and ethics, social workers can assume the roles of educator and advocate in enhancing the rights of individuals.