隐喻,因相似性而存在——认知视角论

本文从认知语言学的视角分析了隐喻存在的基础——相似性,列举了相似性的种类和特征,并说明相似性不是创造出来的,而是事物间原本存在的性质,人们对于这种相似性的感知是离不开隐喻的体验性的。     

Generalized additive models for location, scale and shape

Summary.  A general class of statistical models for a univariate response variable is presented which we call the generalized additive model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS). The model assumes independent observations of the response variable y given the parameters, the explanatory variables and the values of the random effects. The distribution for the response variable in the GAMLSS can be selected from a very general family of distributions including highly skew or kurtotic continuous and discrete distributions. The systematic part of the model is expanded to allow modelling not only of the mean (or location) but also of the other parameters of the distribution of y , as parametric and/or additive nonparametric (smooth) functions of explanatory variables and/or random-effects terms. Maximum (penalized) likelihood estimation is used to fit the (non)parametric models. A Newton–Raphson or Fisher scoring algorithm is used to maximize the (penalized) likelihood. The additive terms in the model are fitted by using a backfitting algorithm. Censored data are easily incorporated into the framework. Five data sets from different fields of application are analysed to emphasize the generality of the GAMLSS class of models.     

Temporal pattern in number of staff on sick leave: the effect of downsizing

Summary.  The pattern of absenteeism in the downsizing process of companies is a topic in focus in economics and social science. A general question is whether employees who are frequently absent are more likely to be selected to be laid off or in contrast whether employees to be dismissed are more likely to be absent for the remaining time of their working contract. We pursue an empirical and microeconomic investigation of these theses. We analyse longitudinal data that were collected in a German company over several years. We fit a semiparametric transition model based on a mixture Poisson distribution for the days of absenteeism per month. Prediction intervals are considered and the primary focus is on the period of downsizing. The data reveal clear evidence for the hypothesis that employees who are to be laid off are more frequently absent before leaving the company. Interestingly, though, no clear evidence is seen that employees being selected to leave the company are those with a bad absenteeism profile.     

Seemingly unrelated regression on the autoregressive (Ar(p)) singular equation system

This paper studies the estimation of seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) of singular equation systems with an autoregressive error process (AR(p)) for each equation.Parameter estimates of the autoregressive singular equation system are not generally invariant to the equation deleted. Under the model specification restriction on the autoregressive parameters, the invariance property is preserved, and this paper shows that a single equation generalized least squares (GLS) estimation for a general autoregressive error process is equivalent to the SURGLS estimation of the AR(p) singular equation system.     

On calculating the fisher information in order statistics

This article gives a simple result for the expression of the Fisher information in order statistics. This result enables us to calculate easily the Fisher information in any set of order statistics whose details have been known to be messy and complicated. We consider here its application in the optimal spacing problem where the exact Fisher information in order statistics has been approximated with the asymptotic information or the reciprocal of the variance of a suitable estimator. This work was supported by Korea Research Foundation Grant(KRF-2000-015-DP0056)     

西方公司治理模式浅析

随着企业所有权与经营权的分离 ,产生了委托代理关系 ,公司治理结构就是主要处理这一关系的一种制度安排。公司治理结构模式自上个世纪八九十年代兴起以来 ,主要被概括为英美模式和德日模式 ,二者在权利制衡机制、激励约束机制以及市场机制等方面都存在着显著的差异 ,但目前又呈现出趋同趋势。     

Residual analysis for spatial point processes (with discussion)

Summary.  We define residuals for point process models fitted to spatial point pattern data, and we propose diagnostic plots based on them. The residuals apply to any point process model that has a conditional intensity; the model may exhibit spatial heterogeneity, interpoint interaction and dependence on spatial covariates. Some existing ad hoc methods for model checking (quadrat counts, scan statistic, kernel smoothed intensity and Berman's diagnostic) are recovered as special cases. Diagnostic tools are developed systematically, by using an analogy between our spatial residuals and the usual residuals for (non-spatial) generalized linear models. The conditional intensity λ plays the role of the mean response. This makes it possible to adapt existing knowledge about model validation for generalized linear models to the spatial point process context, giving recommendations for diagnostic plots. A plot of smoothed residuals against spatial location, or against a spatial covariate, is effective in diagnosing spatial trend or co-variate effects. Q – Q -plots of the residuals are effective in diagnosing interpoint interaction.     

D·H·劳伦斯的起点和终点--评《白孔雀》与《查泰莱夫人的情人》创作主题的相似性和连续性

D·H·劳伦斯小说创作主题的相似性和连续性引人关注 ,其处女作《白孔雀》和最后一部长篇小说《查泰莱夫人的情人》十分典型地体现了这一特点 ,两者都有一个个性分裂的女主人公 ,一个反社会的守林人 ,一片代表现代社会最后的伊甸园的树林。本文拟就这三个方面具体阐述这两部作品的相似性和连续性     

On Rao score and PearsonX 2 statistics in generalized linear models

The identity of the Rao score and PearsonX ² statistics is well known in the areas where the latter was first introduced: goodness-of-fit in contingency tables and binary responses. We show in this paper that the same identity holds when the two statistics are used for testing goodness-of-fit of Generalized Linear Models. We also highlight the connections that exist between the two statistics when they are used for the comparison of nested models. Finally, we discuss some merits of these unifying results. Work financially supported by cofin. MIUR grants 2000 and 2002.     

汉乐府《孔雀东南飞》与巴金《寒夜》之比较

汉乐府《孔雀东南飞》与巴金的《寒夜》分属两个不同时代的文学作品,它们之间有着惊人的相似,却也有着根本的不同。在经历了漫长的封建社会的中国传统文化中,民族美德与封建糟粕互相交织,绝不能简单地用对与错去划定。只有沟通与理解、尊重与奉献,才能使婆媳之间和睦相处;只有发展生产力,搞好社会主义精神文明建设,才能有效地加速旧思想的崩溃。这是我们今天解决家庭矛盾,尤其是婆媳矛盾的正确途径。